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---------------------------------------------- | | | | | G e o C a l c | | | | C O o r d i n a t e G e O m e t r y | | | | ( C O G O ) | | | | Version 1.21 | | | | | ---------------------------------------------- SURVEYING & ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE Program Operations & Reference Manual All Rights Reserved Copyright (c) 1986 GeoCalc Software Systems Co., Inc. P.O. Box 5308 Philadelphia, PA 19142 (215) 365-5585 Page 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents........................................ 2 Introduction............................................. 5 User-Supported Software.................................. 6 Registration............................................. 8 Invoice Form............................................. 9 Copyright Notice, Disclaimer, & Tradenames............... 10 System Requirements & File Listings...................... 11 Backing Up The Disks..................................... 13 Configuring The COGO Program............................. 14 A History of COGO........................................ 15 Terminology, Application Techniques...................... 17 Booting The COGO Program................................. 18 Plotting (CADD), HP-11C Emulator, Exclusion.............. 19 General File Structure................................... 20 Specifying & Using Figures.......................... 21 Curve Definitions Within Figures.................... 22 Command List............................................. 23 Overview of Version 1.21................................. 24 On-line Help........................................ 25 RAM Resident Utilities.............................. 26 Input............................................... 27 Missing Data........................................ 27 Comments............................................ 27 Abbreviations....................................... 27 Command Codes....................................... 27 Precision........................................... 27 Stationing.......................................... 28 Output.............................................. 28 DMS Format.......................................... 28 Bearings............................................ 28 Quadrant Codes...................................... 28 Azimuths............................................ 28 Direction Sign...................................... 28 Angular Expressions................................. 28 Angular Delimiters.................................. 29 Distance Delimiter.................................. 29 Repeatability....................................... 29 Delimiter Summary................................... 29 Angular/Distance Input Examples..................... 30 Figures & Figure Transpositions..................... 31 Caps Lock........................................... 31 Coordinate/Figure Areas............................. 31 The "Flip Up" Menu.................................. 32 The "Flip Up" Inch/Foot Conversion Table............ 32 Control Commands......................................... 33 File Maintenance Commands........................... 33 Points Maintenance Commands......................... 33 Figure Maintenance Commands......................... 34 Line & Curve Extension Commands..................... 34 Points Move Commands................................ 34 Points Definition Commands.......................... 35 Line & Curve Intersection Commands.................. 35 GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Control Commands (continued) Data Display Commands............................... 36 Figure Alignment Commands........................... 36 Spiral Commands..................................... 37 Alignment Commands.................................. 37 Command Variable Names................................... 38 Adjust Area.............................................. 39 Alignment................................................ 40 Alignment Offset......................................... 41 Angles................................................... 42 Arc Arc Intersect (Dist/Dist Intersect).................. 43 Arc Line Azimuth (Az/Dist Intersect).................... 44 Arc Line Bearing (Brg/Dist Intersect)................... 45 Arc Line Points.......................................... 46 Area..................................................... 47 Area Azimuth............................................. 48 Area Bearing............................................. 49 Azimuth Intersect (Az/Az Intersect)...................... 50 Batch Print.............................................. 51 Batch Screen............................................. 52 Bearing Intersect (Brg/Brg Intersect).................... 53 Compound Spiral.......................................... 54 Convert Meridian......................................... 55 Coordinate Offset........................................ 56 Coordinate Point on Arc.................................. 57 Coordinate Point on Spiral............................... 58 Copy File................................................ 59 Curve Spiral............................................. 60 Define Curve............................................. 61 Delete Coordinates....................................... 62 Delete Figures........................................... 63 Describe Alignment Azimuth............................... 64 Describe Alignment Bearing............................... 65 Distance................................................. 66 Divide Arc............................................... 67 Divide Figure............................................ 68 Divide Line.............................................. 69 End Of Job............................................... 70 End Of Run............................................... 71 Extend Arc............................................... 72 Figure Arc Intersect..................................... 73 Figure Figure Intersect.................................. 74 Figure Line Intersect.................................... 75 Fit Alignment............................................ 76 Fit Curve................................................ 77 Get Coordinates.......................................... 78 Get Figures.............................................. 79 Inverse Azimuth.......................................... 80 Inverse Bearing.......................................... 81 GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Line Spiral.............................................. 82 List Coordinates......................................... 83 List Figures............................................. 84 List Files............................................... 85 Locate Angle............................................. 86 Locate Azimuth........................................... 87 Locate Bearing........................................... 88 Locate Deflection........................................ 89 Locate From Alignment.................................... 90 Locate Line.............................................. 91 Offset Alignment......................................... 92 Parallel Figure.......................................... 93 Parallel Line............................................ 94 Points Azimuth Intersect................................. 95 Points Bearing Intersect................................. 96 Points Intersect......................................... 97 Points On Alignment...................................... 98 Redefine................................................. 99 Segment..................................................100 Segment Plus.............................................101 Segment Minus............................................102 Simple Curve.............................................103 Simple Spiral............................................104 Spiral Length............................................105 Spiral Offset............................................106 Spiral Spiral............................................107 Start Of Job.............................................108 Station And Offsets......................................109 Stations From Coordinates................................110 Store....................................................111 Store Figure.............................................112 Store Job................................................113 Streets Intersect........................................114 Tangent..................................................115 Tangent Offset...........................................116 Traverse Angles..........................................117 Traverse Azimuths........................................118 Traverse Bearings........................................119 Traverse Deflections.....................................120 Type Print...............................................121 Type Screen..............................................122 Error List Summary.......................................123 A Sample Session (interactive)...........................127 A Sample Session (batch).................................132 A "PROper" BATCH Example............................134 A "COMmon" BATCH Example............................135 Bug Report...............................................136 Comment/Suggestion Report................................137 Acknowledgements.........................................138 Future Versions..........................................139 Chronology...............................................140 GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 5 INTRODUCTION Welcome to GeoCalc Software System's COordinate GeOmetry (COGO) Surveying/Engineering applications program. We hope that your evaluation finds this software capable and efficient, and your use of it enjoyable and profitable. If you are a first-time user of this type of "command oriented" COGO, you will find it easy to use and learn right from the very beginning (please read this documentation, though). If you are an old hand at COGO, you will find it quite powerful to use while also offering some subtle (and not so subtle) amenities that we hope will increase both your speed of data entry and your overall satisfaction with the program. We at GeoCalc are land surveyors with many years of experience in engineering, rural, urban, control surveys and design work. We are also hackers of some renown (if we do say so ourselves), who have used mainframe COGO for many years. This has provided our design and programming team the necessary and valuable experience in formulating the groundwork for what was to become GeoCalc's COGO. For those users who are new to this particular type of COGO input/output format, we believe you will be treated to a most productive encounter. We strongly suggest that you power up the program and run COGO at every opportunity; you will find that you attain the highest degree of efficiency when the majority of commands become relatively familiar. Once familiarity is attained, you can concentrate on "tactics" and the myriad shortcuts that are helpful when solving systems of figures in a complex geometric project. We have placed this software into the "Public Domain" distribution network (as SHAREWARE - see following pages) with the recognition that we must maintain our support, maintenance, and update obligations to the surveying, engineering, and educational communities. With your assistance, we will fulfill those obligations. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 6 USER SUPPORTED SOFTWARE P L E A S E C O P Y & R E D I S T R I B U T E T H I S ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ S O F T W A R E ! ! ! ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ To avoid the costs of standard commercial marketing methods (and the necessity of having to pass those costs on to our customers), we have chosen to offer our COGO via the public domain distribution network as "USER SUPPORTED SOFTWARE". This unique marketing method has been in use and successful for many popular software products. For example, the "PC-Write" word processing system has been distributed using the concept of "SHAREWARE" by Mr. Bob Wallace of QUICKSOFT who previously designed and wrote a large part of MS-PASCAL. The late Andrew Fluegelman of the HEADLANDS PRESS and one of the founding editors of PC World magazine, marketed the "PC-Talk III" communications package (a virtual standard) using his "FREEWARE" concept. "PC-File III" is an extremely popular data base management system written by Mr. Jim Button of BUTTONWARE and marketed under the "USER SUPPORTED" method. GeoCalc's COGO is being marketed in the same fashion and can be obtained through the various means of communication open to all computer users: Bulletin Boards, User's Groups, Computer Clubs, Professional Societies and Organizations, etc. If these sources of distribution are not available to you, you can get a copy of GeoCalc's COGO by sending a formatted, double-sided disk (DOS 2.0+ only), a check for $10.00 to cover handling costs, and a stamped, self-addressed envelope to GeoCalc Software. Please use a high quality 8 1/2" x 11" envelope and include 2 stiff pieces of cardboard so the disk won't be bent in the mail. GeoCalc will send its Ver. 1.21 COGO for your use and on-the-job evaluation. The USER SUPPORTED philosophy dictates that the usefulness and quality of software is best decided by the ultimate user, in a working environment, and at a pace which will allow a thorough evaluation of the product while under no pressure to purchase; and, that copying and unrestricted redistribution should be promoted and encouraged rather than prohibited by awkward, costly, inconvenient, and sometimes dangerous software and hardware protection schemes. The methodology of distribution requires only that those who may have need of the particular software have free access to it; in turn, they should redistribute it to their friends and associates in the same unaltered form in which they received it and all users should register that software if it is useful to them. To paraphrase Mr. Fluegelman, the user supported concept is an experiment in economics, not altruism; it provides quality software without the author/distributor having to finance the marketing, distribution, advertising, and copy protection schemes that have become an expensive liability, while still allowing the author/distributor to be supported by sales of the software. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 7 USER SUPPORTED SOFTWARE There are many excellent software packages marketed under the user supported method and all have one thing in common: they are willing to stand up to rigorous evaluation and testing before a purchase is made. Those that are flawed, badly or unprofessionally written, buggy, or just not what is generally accepted as useful will fail and disappear. Those that are effective, professionally written, and perform as advertised will succeed - thereby providing you with quality software at reasonable cost. By registering user supported software, you will also be advocating the distribution of professional applications software that doesn't require you to sacrifice a year's net profits in order to finance its purchase. Paying artificially high fees for software that accomplishes its task is bad enough, but paying hundreds or thousands of dollars for software that is not what you want is counterproductive. It also encourages all those in the distribution chain to maintain or inflate prices. The user supported method, on the other hand, allows the software designers (us) to bypass the advertising jungle (which is obscenely expensive), middle-men and distributors, and retail outlets (who often refer you to the technical or design types when you have a problem, anyway). The software thus gets to you at a price that more closely reflects the true costs of development and a fair profit (you do not pay excessive profits or unnecessary overhead costs). YOU ARE ENCOURAGED TO COPY AND DISTRIBUTE GEOCALC'S COGO TO YOUR FRIENDS AND ASSOCIATES. However, for the protection of everyone, certain distribution restrictions must apply: 1) No compensation of any kind is to be charged for the software (exclusive of the diskette). 2) Copyright or trademark notices, the name GeoCalc Software Systems Co., Inc., or the names of the authors may not be removed or changed. 3) The software may not be altered in any manner, nor may it be redistributed in any form other than originally distributed by GeoCalc Software Systems. 4) The software may not be distributed with or used as an inducement to purchase any other software. The above restrictions are for the protection of all potential users of the program. Please be particularly cognizant of item #3. This will guarantee that you will receive all of the original software files. If you should happen to receive the package from a friend who altered it, for example, than GeoCalc Software Systems could not answer any questions regarding it nor support it in any way. If you should find the program not to your liking, PLEASE let us know why, and we will investigate and correct it if necessary. But please do pass the program to others who may find it just what they need; your particular complaint may not be of concern to another user. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 8 REGISTRATION & LICENSING ************************************************************* * * * * * YOU MAY REGISTER GEOCALC'S COGO FOR A FEE OF * * * * | | * * ***** ****** ***** ***** * * * | | * * * * * * * * * | | * * * * * * * ***** ***** ****** ****** * * | | * * * * * * * | | * * * * * * ***** ****** **** **** * * | | * * * * * ************************************************************* Your registration fee entitles you to direct telephone and mail support, and notification of future releases. You will also immediately be sent the latest release which supports expanded coordinate point and figure storage, figure balancing, and DOS commands, and also includes a flip-up RAM-resident on-screen HP-11C calculator emulator, an on-line help system to interactively display command descriptions during COGO usage, and a complete CADD system. The staff at GeoCalc will be more than glad to answer any questions; a telephone is maintained to provide technical assistance for registered users. Non-technical assistance will be provided to registered and non-registered users alike, and comments and suggestions are welcome and solicited. Your critique is extremely important to us and all recommendations and requests will be seriously considered for implementation. It is the intent of GeoCalc Software Systems to upgrade and amend COGO to reflect the needs and requests of the surveying and engineering community. For those who require an invoice, please use the form of the next page. Or, call us at 215-365-5585 with your Master Charge or Visa number. Registration fees are as follows: -PACKAGE- -COGO ONLY- 1) Registration of 1st copy $399.00 $299.00 2) Copy # 2 to copy #10 is $369.00 $269.00 3) Copy #11 to copy #20 is $339.00 $239.00 4) Over 20 copies A steal! For unique or unusual circumstances, or site licensing, GeoCalc Software Systems will be more than glad to work with any firm to help solve your particular requirements. Additional discounts of 16% will be allowed for bulk purchases (over 10 copies) by educational institutions. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 9 INVOICE +++++++ Pay: GeoCalc Software Systems Date: ____________ P.O. Box 5308 Philadelphia, PA 19142 No.: ____________ 215-365-5585 Sold To: ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Ship To: ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Quantity Description Unit Cost Total ---------- ------------------------- ----------- ----------- | Registration of | | | COGO V 1.21 - only! | | | (Includes latest) | | | version) | $299.00 | | | | | Registration of | | | COGO V 1.21 (Includes: | | | 11C Calc. Emulator & | | | CADD System & latest | | | version) | $399.00 | | | | | | | | | | | | | ---------- ------------------------- ----------- ----------- Subtotal = $ PA residents only add 6% sales tax = $ ---------- Total = $ GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 10 THE COPYRIGHT NOTICE This Coordinate Geometry (COGO) program and included documentation is copyrighted (c) 1986 by GeoCalc Software Systems Company, Inc. of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Lawrence J. Cleary, PLS and Raymond E. Havey, PLS, program authors. Non-registered users are hereby given a limited license to use this product (Version 1.21) for evaluation purposes only and to copy and re-distribute the program and its accompanying documentation (known as the software) subject to the following restrictions: 1) No compensation of any kind is to be charged for the software (exclusive of the diskette). 2) Copyright or trademark notices, the name GeoCalc Software Systems Co., Inc., or the names of the authors may not be removed or changed. 3) The software may not be altered in any manner, nor may it be redistributed in any form other than originally distributed by GeoCalc Software. 4) The software may not be distributed with or used as an inducement to purchase any other software. THE DISCLAIMER In no event will the authors, distributors or re-distributors of GeoCalc's COGO, or its succeeding versions as originally distributed by GeoCalc Software Systems, be liable for any damages, including any lost profits, lost savings or other incidental or consequential damages arising out of the use of or inability to use the programs of COGO, even if the authors have been advised of the possibility of such damages, or for any claim by any other party. Users are advised to test GeoCalc's COGO thoroughly before relying on it, as is common data processing procedure. This software is distributed on an "AS-IS" basis; use of the software constitutes acceptance and acknowledgement of the "AS-IS" nature of the software. THE TRADE NAMES OR TRADEMARK CREDITS NAME IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OR PROPRIETARY TO ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ IBM International Business Machines Corporation PC, XT, AT International Business Machines Corporation Generic CADD Generic Software Incorporated Sidekick Borland International, Incorporated HP, HP-11C Hewlett-Packard Company GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 11 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS GeoCalc's COGO is designed to be run on the IBM PC, PC-XT, PC-AT, and all close compatibles. The software requires: 1) 512Kb of RAM memory 2) A video display adapter conforming to the IBM Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) or Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA). 3) A monochrome or color monitor. 4) Two (2) disk drives (optionally, a hard disk). 5) Optionally, a printer. Version 1.21 does not support a color screen display. THE INCLUDED FILES Version 1.21 of GeoCalc's COordinate GeOmetry program MUST include all original files on the distribution diskette. If any files are missing, please notify the source from which you obtained the program that it is incomplete, then contact GeoCalc Software Systems Co., Inc. to obtain the original distribution disk, as per the instructions on page 6. Ver. 1.21 consists of about a dozen programs and files that normally contain approximately 600Kb. However, to make the distribution process less costly and inconvenient, the programs have been combined and squeezed by a compression utility (ARC.EXE) onto 1 diskette. This utility will also allow you to unsqueeze and separate the programs into the format described on the next page. As distributed on the squeezed/combined distribution diskette, the programs are as follows: DISTRIBUTION DISK (Compressed/Squeezed) 1) READTHIS.NOW The text file that describes the unsqueeze process 2) RUN.ARC The squeezed COGO PROGRAM files 3) DOC.ARC The squeezed DOCUMENTATION files 4) ARC.EXE The utility program that unsqueezes all program/documentation files. From the DOS ready prompt A>, type the command: TYPE READTHIS.NOW Instruction will scroll on your monitor that will describe how to unsqueeze/separate the archived (compressed) files onto two new diskettes. When the unsqueeze instructions are on your monitor screen, press the [SHIFT] and [PrtSc] keys simultaneously to dump the screen to your printer. Now, perform the instructions. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 12 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS Once the distribution diskette has been unsqueezed/separated, you will have 2 "original" diskettes with the following files: COGO PROGRAM DISKETTE 1) AUTOEXEC.BAT The batch file that "starts" COGO 2) COGO .EXE The preliminary .EXEcutable program 3) COGO1 .EXE The primary .EXEcutable program 4) CONFIG .EXE Utility to configure default drives 5) CONFIG .DAT Data file containing default program & data drive assignments (A and B) COGO DOCUMENTATION DISK 1) README .BAT The file that prints README.DOC 2) README .DOC The preliminary print instructions 3) TEST .BAT The file that prints TEST.DOC 4) TEST .DOC The printer top-of-form/margin test 5) PRINT .BAT The file that prints COGO.DOC 6) COGO .DOC The primary DOCument/REFerence file 7) CG234PRO.INP A "PROper" sample BATCH file 8) CG234COM.INP A "COMmon" sample BATCH file Programs #2 through #5 of COGO PROGRAM DISK (the program disk) M U S T be present so that the program functions properly. NOTE: For purposes of description, please consider your squeezed/combined disk (with the ARC.EXE program on it) to be the "DISTRIBUTION DISKETTE". The 2 diskettes that are produced from the DISTRIBUTION DISKETTE, containing the unsqueezed/separated COGO PROGRAM and DOCUMENTATION files will be called the "ORIGINAL" DISKETTES. As a point of clarification, the DISTRIBUTION diskette is simply a convenient medium with which we can get the package to you; the files on it are not intended to be run as COGO. The two "original" diskettes that it 'gives birth' to, however, are intended to be used as archive and working diskettes. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 13 BACKING UP YOUR DISKETTES The very first thing you must do is back-up your disks. Immediately place write-protect tabs on the "original" COGO disks; if you goof up, you will not have destroyed your (for now) only copies. Have at least 6 blank diskettes ready and then perform the back-up as follows: 1) FORMAT 2 BLANK SYSTEM DISKS: a) Place your DOS disk in drive A. b) Place a blank disk in drive B. c) Type FORMAT B:/S from the DOS ready prompt A>. d) Format one more disk this way, then answer "N" when you are asked to format a third disk. 2) FORMAT 4 BLANK DATA DISKS: a) Place your DOS disk in drive A. b) Place a blank disk in drive B. c) Type FORMAT B: (not /S) from the DOS ready prompt A>. d) Format three (3) more disks this way, then answer "N" when you are asked to format a fifth data disk. 3) CREATE 2 COPIES OF YOUR "ORIGINAL" COGO PROGRAM DISK: a) Place your "ORIGINAL" COGO PROGRAM DISK in drive A. b) Place one of your 2 formatted system disks in drive B. c) Type COPY *.* B:/V. The "V" switch will verify copy. d) Remove disk from drive B and label "COGO BACKUP", put a write-protect tab on it, then squirrel it away to a safe place as your backup (never use it, just make more working copies with it). e) Make a second copy with the remaining blank system disk as per instructions 3a to 3c (above) but label this one "COGO WORKING COPY" and DO NOT USE A WRITE-PROTECT TAB. f) Remove "ORIGINAL COGO PROGRAM DISK" and put it away in a safe place as your "archive" copy (only to be used to make another COGO BACKUP disk if your backup copy becomes damaged). You now have 2 program disk backups! 4) CREATE 2 COPIES OF THE "ORIGINAL" COGO DOCUMENTATION DISK: a) Use 2 of the 4 data disks you formatted. b) Use instructions 3a to 3f (above) except label the copies COGO DOC BACKUP and COGO DOC WORKING COPY. 5) Use the remaining 2 formatted non-system data disks to contain the COGO point files that you will create as you use COGO. Label them "COGODATA #1" and "COGODATA #2". As a precaution, if any disks report "xxxx bad sectors" after formatting, get rid of them. The cost of one floppy disk isn't worth the wear and tear on your nerves trying to figure out why the software isn't executing properly. ALWAYS KEEP SEVERAL BLANK FORMATTED "DATA" DISKS ON HAND! YOU NEVER WANT TO GET CAUGHT WITH A COMPUTER FULL OF COORDINATE VALUES AND NO DATA DISKS TO SAVE THEM TO, OR JUST AS BAD, DATA DISKS THAT DON'T QUITE HAVE ENOUGH ROOM. ALSO, AS A PRECAUTION, ALWAYS MAKE BACKUPS OF YOUR IMPORTANT COORDINATE FILES TO A 2ND DATA DISK AND/OR TO A 2ND FILE NUMBER ON THE SAME DISK. A LITTLE PRECAUTION CAN SAVE A LOT OF GRIEF. DO NOT WRITE-PROTECT YOUR WORKING COPY OF THE PROGRAM DISK! GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 14 CONFIGURING YOUR PROGRAM DISK Before running the COGO program, you should configure the disk drive assignments to your particular system. As the disks are supplied, the program disk is defaulted to drive [A] and the data disk is defaulted to drive [B]. To reconfigure: 1) Place the COGO WORKING COPY program disk in drive [A]. 2) From the DOS ready prompt [A>], type: CONFIG 3) Identify the disk drive which will contain your COGO program disk, then press the [RETURN] key. 4) Identify the disk drive which will contain your coordinate data disks, then press the [RETURN] key. At the completion of this configuration routine, a file will be written to the COGO WORKING COPY program disk called CONFIG.DAT. From this point on, every time you run the COGO program, file CONFIG.DAT will be searched and read. If you have a HARD DISK DRIVE, observe the above instructions exactly as stated (specifying drive "C" or "D" or... as the program drive and your choice of data drive "B" or "A" or...) then copy the contents of the entire program disk to your hard drive's subdirectory AFTER having first created that subdirectory and naming it COGO or whatever subdirectory name you choose. For instructions on how to create a subdirectory, see the MKDIR command of your DOS manual. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 15 A HISTORY OF COGO Formally developed as a data input/output language for engineering/geometry/roadwork applications on computers, COordinate GeOmetry (COGO) was originally conceived by Professor Charles L. Miller of M.I.T. in 1959 on an I.B.M. 705 mainframe computer, for use by the Puerto Rican Dept. of Public Works. The first production version was implemented in 1960 for the IBM 1620 mainframe. Dr. Miller's first COGO was a stunning achievement conceptually and practically, since it was made to work when the computers of the day were not generally capable of such applications. The 1620 had a total memory of only 8K bytes, no disk or tape storage, could only add by looking up digits in an addition table, held 99 points per job, occupied an entire room, and had less computing power than some of today's programmable hand calculators. The original COGO was revised and adapted by others; some of these versions being extremely popular improvements. In 1969, after five years of work, James R. Requa of Chas. H. Sells, Inc., Consulting Engineers & Surveyors, completed revisions on the original COGO source code. Mr. Requa adapted the program to run on the newer I.B.M. model 1130 mainframe and made many significant improvements and modifications to the source code. These included adding about 50 commands, being able to hold 9,999 points per job, and the ability to output to a plotter. Revisions and rewrites such as this helped to evolve today's COGO's into programs that are many times more powerful than the original. Of particular note, however, is the fact that the basic concepts, syntax, and vocabulary have remained essentially the same. The modified program, SELLS COGO, was then formally placed into the "public domain" by Mr. Requa and Charles H. Sells, Inc. At that time, there was no requirement, need, or incentive to copyright software since the potential markets were almost non-existent - almost any organization with the capital to purchase a multi-million dollar computer could well afford programmers to design and write custom applications programs "in house", and usually did. Most standard software was non-proprietary and usually "bundled" with the computer by the computer manufacturer, being particular to that unique computer system. The purchase and/or use of "canned" software was the exception, since very little "plain vanilla" source code was written. It was not considered that prepackaged software would be sold "off the shelf", and if you had mentioned to programmers of the day that software would be available on blister cards or shrink wrapped, hanging on wire-frame display racks, you would have been writing code in a padded room, since de-bundling was not even considered until the mid 1960's. The albatross of copy protection did not then appear until the advent of the microcomputer and software mass marketing. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 16 A HISTORY OF COGO Mr. Requa's revised version of "SELLS COGO" for the I.B.M. 1130 mainframe is the basis for GeoCalc's COGO, which is designed strictly for microcomputer operation and enhanced as described in this documentation. GeoCalc's COGO was written in high and low level languages. It has been the experience of the authors of GeoCalc's COGO that most coordinate geometry programs are modeled after the original (in fact, many are almost exact replicas), but we have never seen the early pioneers who created the concept and methodology known as coordinate geometry properly credited, so we have taken this opportunity to do so. Anyone who routinely crunches numbers on a grid, via computer, is indebted to all of those who took part in the creation of the first COGO's, particularly Dr. Miller and Mr. Requa. The next time you leisurely and conveniently feed your known project data into the computer, press the [ENTER] key, then get 3 hours of calculations reduced to 30 seconds (and a printout to boot) using over 14 digits of numerical precision, tip one to the Miller development teams and a second to the Requa group. GeoCalc Software Systems Co., Inc. would also like to thank Chas. H. Sells, Inc. and Mr. Ronald G. Leers (of Sells Inc.) for their aid and assistance; Dr. Charles L. Miller, who has continually improved and updated his COGO through his firm, CLM/Associates; and Mr. James Requa of TerraGraphics, who is likewise marketing a version of his original adaptation. We especially thank all of these people for their time and assistance in providing us with the proper details and chronology of events from a developmental and historical perspective. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 17 TERMINOLOGY, APPLICATION TECHNIQUES Since GeoCalc's COGO is an "Industry Specific" software package expressly for the needs of the surveying and engineering professions, no instruction or discussions of a tutorial nature on the theory or methodology of problem solutions is considered appropriate in this documentation. However, for any registered novices or registered institutions (such as colleges) with many novices or junior level technicians, GeoCalc Software Systems will be more than glad to provide telephone assistance and counseling on the techniques of using COGO in an efficient manner. Also, it will be assumed that generally accepted terminology or "buzzwords" need not be defined or explained; but, in the interests of standardization to avoid ambiguity, such "buzzwords" will be avoided where possible, and explained where necessary. Although many of the commands of COGO are quite powerful and complex, this documentation was designed to simply and clearly convey the exact function of those commands. Because of the complex geometry intrinsic to many of the commands, sketches and drawings would most suitably supplement this documentation; in some cases, in fact, a sketch is almost vital. However, the logistics and physical nature of the distribution system which provided your GeoCalc COGO 2-disk set (Version 1.21) also prevents us from providing you with those necessary sketches. By its very nature, this documentation file (COGO.DOC) is an ASCII file; it is designed simply and in a straightforward manner to output to most any printer on the market (and your monitor screen). It is not as simple to make your printer mix text and graphics (required for sketches), if in fact your printer does have that capability. Since we cannot provide sketches with version 1.21, they will be provided to registered users only, who will also receive the latest version's bound documentation. Educational institutions that register over 10 copies, in addition to receiving discounted registration fees, will also receive a COGO course outline for purposes of installing a 12 week COordinate GeOmetry/CADD course in their curriculum. This will also be accompanied by an expanded BATCH disk which will demonstrate in greater detail the commands of COGO (a "show N' tell"). Also, COGO->CADD demonstrations will be included. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 18 BOOTING THE COGO PROGRAM If the instructions for making backups of your original distribution disk have been followed, you now have four working diskettes (plus your DOS disk) on hand: 1) The COGO WORKING COPY 2) The COGO DOC WORKING COPY 3) 2 blank formatted data disks. plus Your system (DOS) disk 1) OUTPUT THE DOCUMENTATION TO YOUR PRINTER. a) Place your DOS disk in drive A. b) Turn the computer on and answer the DOS prompts. c) Place the COGO DOC WORKING COPY in drive A. d) Type README, then press the [RETURN] key. e) Follow the instructions. Remove DOC disk when done. 2) "BOOT-UP" THE COGO PROGRAM. The COGO PROGRAM disk should contain file AUTOEXEC.BAT. This automatically gets COGO running if the COGO WORKING COPY program disk is in the default drive when the computer is powered up. It contains the command: COGO. To run COGO from a cold start (the computer is off): a) Place your COGO WORKING COPY disk in drive A. d) Place a blank, formatted data disk in drive B. b) Turn the computer on. Execution is automatic. In the event the AUTOEXEC.BAT file is missing, create it yourself (consult your DOS manual), or, do the following: a) Place your COGO WORKING COPY program disk in drive A. d) Place a blank, formatted data disk in drive B. b) Turn the computer on and answer the DOS prompts. f) At the DOS A> prompt, type COGO, then [RETURN]. NOTE: For multi or hard disk systems, the program will save cogo files and data to the DEFAULT DATA DRIVE specified during the configuration process. This drive may (or may not) be the hard drive. The COGO program will load into the computer, an introductory screen will display briefly, then you will find the cursor flashing next to the COGO prompt (>>). At this point you may start a COGO job (S O J ###), or, press the ALT+Z key combination to find out what commands are available. ***************************************** * DO NOT WRITE-PROTECT THE PROGRAM DISK * ***************************************** GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 19 PLOTTING All versions of COGO sent to registered users will be supplied with a stand-alone CADD (Computer Aided Design & Drafting) program which will accept the coordinate files created by GeoCalc's COGO. It will also allow you to draw and/or plot the COGO figures on your plotter or dot matrix printer, including layering of up to 256 levels of figures and/or structures in layers, creation/design/placement of text, zooming, rotation, etc. FLIP-UP CALCULATOR Registered users of COGO will also receive a "flip-up", RAM-resident HP-11C RPN programmable calculator emulator which places a complete, functional HP-11C clone on the screen. It has 20 data memories (which can be screen listed), 4 stack registers (which can be screen listed), and a 500 step program memory (which can be listed to screen or printer and/or saved/loaded to diskette). Columns of data can be "batched in" to running RPN (calculator) programs, and the calculator's output data can be "exported" to your main program (GeoCalc's COGO for example) at the last position of the cursor. It is a marvelous utility that not only turns your $5000 computer system into a $60 calculator but is useful no matter what main program is running (COGO, word processing, accounting, etc.). DOS FUNCTIONS Registered user's versions will also allow you to address the DOS functions such as COPY, DIR, RENAME, ERASE, FORMAT, etc. without leaving COGO. You can format a fresh disk, for example, while still in COGO, then save coordinates to it. SHAREWARE EXCLUSION Because of proprietary considerations, both the CADD system and HP-11C Calculator emulator are NOT included with this version 1.21 of COGO through public domain distribution channels, but registered users may receive both the CADD system and the Calculator with the latest version of COGO. BOUND DOCUMENTATION Registered users will also receive a bound, annotated/revised copy of this documentation with the latest version of COGO, containing sketches and drawings depicting the geometry of worked examples. LATER CHANGES GeoCalc Software Systems Company, Inc. reserves the right to alter or amend its products or offerings. However, this will not be done without re-releasing version 1.21 through the "Public Domain" software distribution network to "announce" significant changes, if so warranted. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 20 GENERAL FILE STRUCTURE All coordinates that are created by COGO may be saved to the data disk in the default drive (which we will assume will be drive B from now on) under an identifying filename. This filename takes the form of a 3-digit FILE NUMBER that uniquely identifies your coordinate file as it resides on the data disk. The FILE NUMBER consists of any three-digit number in the range 1 to 999. When the file is first created on the data disk, COGO will prefix the letters "CG" to your file number automatically, in the form CGxxx. A typical disk directory's COGO data files may look like this: ................................... ................................... ................................... CG135 1024 11-27-86 12:02p CG557 3273 1-17-87 2:42p CG004 32051 10-23-86 10:15a CG669 256 1-20-87 1:05p CG085 512 1-20-87 11:42a ................................... ................................... GeoCalc's COGO files are structured so as to contain all relevant information internally in a single file, each of which has three distinct elements: 1) The header/label section. 2) The coordinate section. 3) The figure section. Some COGO's use 2 or 3 separate disk files to contain the header, figure, and coordinate information (as opposed to 1 single file). The benefits of using a single file to contain this information was given much consideration and adopted for use in GeoCalc's COGO on the basis that: 1) Your disks are much less cluttered (and much more organized/readable) 2) Your disks can hold more files (physically and logically) 3) Your disks can hold more coordinates Items 2 and 3 may seem redundant at first, but it must be considered that using DOS 2.0+ without the use of sub-directories, only 128 files total can be saved to any one disk. The file names are stored in what is known as the disk's [F]ile [A]llocation [T]able which can only hold 128 entries per directory. Thus, if 3 or more files are created for each COGO job, then the maximum number of COGO jobs that can be saved to disk is 128/3 = 40+ jobs, if you consider only the available space in the FAT. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 21 GENERAL FILE STRUCTURE Although it is of little concern to most of us, there are 2 different ways to fill up a disk; by filling up the FAT with up to 128 filenames, or, filling up the disk with over 362Kb of data. You will in fact run out of disk space if you have 128 COGO files of 50 bytes each (a total of only 6,400 bytes on the disk), or, if you have only 1 file that exceeds 362,000 bytes. Other COGO's often require you to pre-define the size of your data files, establishing a maximum size, before you run the job. This partitions the disk by setting aside the space for that amount of coordinates before they are created. However, if you estimate too high, you have wasted data space; if you estimate too low, you must re-define the space allocation. GeoCalc's COGO has a "dynamic" file allocation structure; it assigns disk space to data as it is created, not before. The user therefore need not be concerned with fixing or estimating the size of the file before it is created. In this way, all file functions are "invisible" to the user who may run his jobs and conduct his business without having to be bothered with messy maintenance tasks. The trade-off is that file access is relatively slower for large files; however, since the slowdown is not appreciable and large files are the exception rather than the rule, we considered this a minor factor (although a speedup is being worked on). SPECIFYING AND USING FIGURES During the course of a COGO job, all coordinates that define points are created and assigned to point numbers. At the completion of the job, all these point numbers and coordinates are saved to disk when you invoke the END OF JOB or END OF RUN commands. Occasionally, however, you may find it necessary to use those commands that treat entire figures as a single entity. In most cases, you can describe the figure (which may only be a small part of the entire coordinate file) as a string of point numbers. For example, the AREA command is invoked thusly: AREA (34 15 23 45 78 901 17 23 34) From this command, the area of the figure defined by points 34, 15, 23, 45, 78, 901, 17, 23, and back to 34 again is computed. For small figures, this is a convenient and efficient data entry format. However, what if the figure were large; defined by 50 or 100 points instead of only 7 ? Having to enter 50 or 100 numbers each time you invoked a command would be a severe inconvenience. Fortunately, a method exists so that one or more individual figures can be defined WITHIN a coordinate file. ************************************************************ * KEEP YOUR FIGURE NUMBERS NUMERICALLY LOW (FOR SPEED) * ************************************************************ GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 22 SPECIFYING AND USING FIGURES By using the command STORE FIGURE, you can specify any group of points (up to 999, which may repeat - for a total of 9999) as a figure. In fact, you can specify more than 1 figure (up to 99) in any coordinate file. These figures could be thought of as pseudo-files, in the sense that they are unique definitions of geometric figures; they are not, however, coordinate files in themselves. A figure, as it resides within the coordinate file on disk, simply contains the point numbers (but not coordinate values) of the points defining the angles of your figure arranged in the order which you have specified. As an example, suppose you have created a subdivision containing 12 individual parcels. All angle points of all parcels, including street centerline intersections, have been defined and assigned point numbers from 1 to 87. The coordinates of 4-sided parcel #1 are numbered 5, 64, 4, and 17; the coordinates of 7 sided parcel #7 are 6, 9, 27, 3, 82, 11, and 14. Each of these parcels may be individually specified as a figure. They can be retrieved at a later time whenever the same FILE NUMBER is accessed. The command STORE FIGURE 1 (5 64 4 17 5) would create figure #1. STORE FIGURE 7 (6 9 27 3 82 11 14 6) would likewise create figure #7. Figure #'s are then used instead, i.e. AREA BEARINGS 7 or TRAVERSE ANGLES 1. CURVE DEFINITIONS WITHIN FIGURES Also, curves may be defined within the structure of the figure definition. For example, traversing along a tangent from point #6 to point #9, extending along a back tangent to "Point of Curvature" #27, extending at a right angle (to the left) to the Vertex of a vertex point #3, extending at a right angle (to the right) to "Point of Tangency" point #82, extending along the foreward tangent to a point on foreward tangent #11, then back to point #6 describes a curve: 9 --------- 27(PC) By using the following | | format, this curve can | | -Radii be defined within the | | | figure: | (V)3 ---- 82(PT) | | PC V PC | | STO FIG 1 (6 9 27 C3L 82 11 6) | | ^ ^ | POB | 6 ---------------- 11 Note that the PC is followed by the letter C (Center of Curve) immediately followed by the point number of the Vertex (3) immediately followed by the direction of the arc (to the right - R). When this format is used to define a curve within a figure, it is treated as a curve in all applicable calculations. In this particular example, the AREA command AREA 1 would give the area of the above specified figure including or excluding the segment of the arc. See the instructions for the command STORE FIGURE and page 31. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 23 COMMAND LIST No. COMMAND No. COMMAND ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 Adjust Area 51 Locate Angle 2 Alignment 52 Locate Azimuth 3 Alignment Offset 53 Locate Bearing 4 Angles 54 Locate Deflection 5 Arc Arc Intersect 55 Locate From Alignment 6 Arc Line Azimuth 56 Locate Line 7 Arc Line Bearing 57 Offset Alignment 8 Arc Line Points 58 9 Area 59 Parallel Figure 10 Area Azimuth 60 Parallel Line 11 Area Bearing 61 Points Azimuth Intersect 12 Azimuth Intersect 62 Points Bearing Intersect 13 63 Points Intersect 14 64 Points On Alignment 15 65 Redefine 16 Batch Print 66 Segment 17 Batch Screen 67 Segment Plus 18 Bearing Intersect 68 Segment Minus 19 Compound Spiral 69 Simple Curve 20 Convert Meridian 70 Simple Spiral 21 Coordinate Offset 71 Spiral Length 22 Coordinate Point on Arc 72 Spiral Offset 23 Coordinate Point on Spiral 73 Spiral Spiral 24 Copy File 74 Start Of Job 25 Curve Spiral 75 Station And Offset 26 Define Curve 76 Station From Coordinates 27 Delete Coordinates 77 Store 28 Delete Figure 78 Store Figure 29 Describe Alignment Azimuth 79 Store Job 30 Describe Alignment Bearing 80 Streets Intersect 31 Distance 81 32 Divide Arc 82 Tangent 33 Divide Figure 83 Tangent Offset 34 Divide Line 84 Traverse Angles 35 End Of Job 85 Traverse Azimuths 36 End Of Run 86 Traverse Bearings 37 Extend Arc 87 Traverse Deflections 38 Figure Arc Intersect 88 Type Print 39 Figure Figure Intersect 89 Type Screen 40 Figure Line Intersect 41 Fit Alignment 42 Fit Curve ALT Z - Main Menu 43 Get Coordinates ALT F - In/Ft Table 44 Get Figures 45 Inverse Azimuth ---------------------------------- 46 Inverse Bearing | NOTE: The menu, as it appears | 47 Line Spiral | on the screen when | 48 List Coordinates | invoked by ALT+Z, | 49 List Figures | is listed on page 32. | 50 List Files ---------------------------------- GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 24 GEOCALC'S COGO - AN OVERVIEW COGO, or COordinate GeOmetry, is a formal, defined system of data entry which accepts input variables and then outputs calculated resultants; all computations, input, and output are relative to a coordinate grid assumed by the operator. For those who have not yet been exposed to COGO, it can be thought of as a programming language in much the same sense that you "program" your hand calculator to resolve problems. Generally, most COGO applications programs fall into two standard categories: COMMAND GENERATED and MENU GENERATED. COMMAND GENERATED COGO's are intrinsically efficient after the "language" of the data input/output is learned, since a 1-line command will accomplish the function. For example, to assign a coordinate value from point #1 to point #2, with a bearing of N 24 13 17.25 W and a course distance of 1245.678, you typically will type the following (on 1 line): LOCATE BEARING 1 2 N 24 13 17.25 W 1245.678 [Press RETURN] If the known coordinates of point #1 were N 1000.0000 and E1000.0000, the coordinates N 2136.0166 & E 488.9424 would then appear on the screen. There are no menus to select and all functions are immediately available. However, expertise in using the program must be attained and maintained. Also, few command oriented COGO's allow data input strictly from the numeric keypad. For the non-typist (or even a true peck artist) this slows down the rate of data entry by making you alternately jump between the QWERTY (alphabetic) and numeric keypads when you really should be concentrating on your project geometry and data input/output, using the numeric keypad wherever and whenever possible. MENU GENERATED COGO's are ordinarily considered superior for the occasional user or beginner, since all functions are "prompted" on the screen, usually by selecting menu numbers. The user is then led step-by-step through the data entry process, entering input data exclusively through the numeric keypad and menu choices mostly via the numeric keypad. GeoCalc's COGO represents many hours of design and coding with the goal of producing a convenient yet efficient method of data entry and resultant display. It is a standard COMMAND GENERATED COGO with the advantages inherent to that type, while also being a MENU GENERATED COGO for those unwilling to commit the commands to memory. In fact, as later described, the commands can be accomplished by either typing them (or their abbreviations) or by using a menu-selected numerical code. In this manner, we have hoped to present as versatile and convenient a package as possible so that everyone would find the program as easy-to-learn AND efficient as it could possibly be. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 25 GEOCALC'S COGO - AN OVERVIEW There are several restrictions to version 1.21 that should be recognized: 1) There is a limit of 999 points & 99 figures per file. 2) No balancing or error distribution is supported. 3) No screen, printer, or plotter drawing is supported. 4) No sketches or worked examples are illustrated. All of these limits and restrictions are removed in versions sent to registered users. During the design and coding of GeoCalc's COGO, special efforts were made to make the overall program less cryptic and intimidating than some COGO's we have seen (and fondly used). This was accomplished by use of the Main Menu, which is otherwise known as a "flip-up". By simply pressing the ALT and Z keys, a full menu of all command choices will flip-up; pressing the ALT+Z combination again will then make it flip-down. The on-screen menu is thus available at all times for those who are not sure of their commands. ON-LINE HELP (Registered Users Only) At any time (except during data input), you may access on-line help by typing a question mark, followed by the menu number of the command you need help with. For example, suppose you forget the input format for the command ARC LINE AZIMUTH. First, make sure the menu number is correct by calling the menu (ALT+Z). The menu number is 6. Now, just type ?6 and press [RETURN]. The help file will display: ----------------------------------------------------------- | ARC LINE AZIMUTH | | | | No Command Description | | ~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ | | 6 A L A I V R P A M / OFF | | | | Locate point I by intersecting a circle whose vertex is | | at V and whose radius is R, with the line through point | | P on an azimuth (or optionally, a bearing) of A. OFF is | | an optional offset distance of the azimuth line. +M is | | a specified point # closest to the intended intersect, | | & -M is a specified point # farthest from the intended | | intersect. | | | | >>_ | ----------------------------------------------------------- The help file will remain on the screen until it scrolls off naturally. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 26 GEOCALC'S COGO - AN OVERVIEW Although no file storage (except CONFIG.DAT) should occur on the COGO WORKING COPY program disk, don't put a write-protect tab on this disk. Certain initialization procedures during COGO startup require the ability to write to the program disk for internal/system purposes. ******************************* * * * DON'T WRITE-PROTECT * * THE PROGRAM DISK! * * * ******************************* Although mentioned at other points throughout this documentation, you are again cautioned that the ONLY way to end the COGO program is by calling the END OF RUN command. If you exit by any other means, you will almost certainly lose any coordinates you may have created. ************************************************** * EXIT COGO VIA THE "END OF RUN" COMMAND ONLY! * ************************************************** RAM-RESIDENT UTILITIES An additional caveat concerns "RAM resident" utilities: be extremely careful which ones you use, the order in which they are "loaded", and their effect on and compatability with COGO. The HP-11C emulator works fine with COGO, and so does Borland's Sidekick (load the HP-11C emulator first, Sidekick second); but change the HP-11C emulator "hot keys" to [ALT]+[X]. We have found that other "RAM resident" utilities can produce some extremely erratic activity with COGO. Before you use any utility other than (or with) Sidekick &/or the calculator emulator, try it out under all possible conditions. To go a step further, we don't recommend any utilities (including such seemingly innocent and innocuous creatures as print spoolers) other than the HP-11C emulator. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 27 OPERATING CONVENTIONS INPUT ----- Input consists of a COMMAND in the "language" of COGO, followed by the specified input data particular to that command, as described in the command descriptions. Input is normally interactive through the keyboard, or may be "batched" via ASCII (.INP) files on the data diskette. MISSING DATA ------------ If a command is entered without variables or data, then processing will not occur and 2 BEEPs will sound; you must now LEAVE COLUMN #1 OF THE NEXT LINE BLANK in order for COGO to accept the input data. Likewise for multi-line input. However, if you mistakenly enter a data value (from 1 to 99) in that 1st column, COGO will assume a new command, which could cause an unintended blunder of major proportions. COMMENTS -------- If there is an asterisk (*) anywhere on the input line, anything typed after the asterisk will be reproduced as comments in the output. If there are two asterisks (**) in the 1st and 2nd columns, anything typed after the asterisks will be reproduced as comments on the top of the next output page. A comment may occupy an entire line by itself, or may follow the last data item on a line (similar to the REMark function of the BASIC programming language). ABBREVIATIONS ------------- All commands can be entered by using abbreviations of those commands. At least the 1st letter of each command word must be entered plus enough additional letters to uniquely identify that command. The command words (or abbreviated words) must be separated by spaces. For example to LOCATE BEARING, you may use LOC BEAR, LC BE, L BRG, L BG, etc. If the abbreviation is ambiguous, it will not be accepted. COMMAND CODES ------------- To make life a little more exciting for those who crave coded commands, all of the commands have numeric equivalents. All commands can thus be entered using their code numbers, in conjunction with the flip-up menu. For example, to perform ARC LINE BEARING just type a 7, then the input variables. PRECISION --------- Although the original 1160 COGO was limited to a precision of 9 significant digits (which was somewhat improved by origin reduction techniques to 12 digits), all calculations in GeoCalc's COGO are performed to 14 significant digits of precision. Output displays may be rounded (distances, coordinates, & stationing to 4 places, angles to 3 places, etc.) but they are still computed to full 14 digit precision. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 28 OPERATING CONVENTIONS STATIONING ---------- Stationing is entered, where applicable, as decimal feet. For example, STAtion 12+34.567 is entered as 1234.567 feet. OUTPUT ------ Output is to the screen, printer, or disk. ANGULAR (DMS FORMAT) -------------------- Angles or directions must be entered in degrees, minutes, and seconds format with spaces between them. For example, 45 25 23.23 would be valid. If you wish to omit seconds, simply terminate the minutes with a decimal point; such as 45 25. If you wish to omit minutes and seconds, simply terminate the degrees with a decimal point, such as 45. or 7. BEARINGS -------- Bearings may be entered by prefixing and suffixing them with their cardinal directions: N E S W. For example N 45 25. W, or S23 23 45.23E. QUADRANT CODES -------------- So that an entire job can almost be run from the numeric keypad only, COGO will allow input bearings to be identified by their quadrant numbers: 1=Northeast, 2=Southeast, 3=Southwest, 4=Northwest. If quadrant numbers are chosen, you will be able to enter the line directions from the numeric keypad instead of having to enter the cardinal directions from the QWERTY keypad. AZIMUTHS -------- Azimuths are measured clockwise from north and are entered according to the rules for angular input as described above. DIRECTION SIGN -------------- Angles/azimuths right/clockwise are entered as positive values; angles/azimuths left/counterclockwise are entered by preceding the degrees (only) with a minus sign. ANGULAR EXPRESSIONS ------------------- You may input angles/directions by specifying them as expressions within parentheses. The expression may include addition and/or subtraction of angles/directions. Bearings, however, must be specified by their cardinal directions of N S E W (not quadrant numbers). GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 29 OPERATING CONVENTIONS ANGULAR DELIMITERS ------------------ You may enter angles/directions indirectly by use of the delimiters "A" for azimuths or bearings, and "G" for angles. The input format for azimuths or bearings is A BP# FP#, where A is the azimuth or bearing delimiter, BP# is the back point number of the direction, and FP# is the foreward point number of the direction. To input angles, use format G BP# AP# FP#, where G is the angle delimiter, BP# is the backsight point number, AP# is the angle point number, and FP# is the foresight point number. DISTANCE -------- Distances may be entered as is, or as with angles/directions, as an expression in parentheses. The input distances may be summed as: (300+200-137.254). A negative distance will also create a back extension of a line. DISTANCE DELIMITER ----------------- The use of the "D" distance delimiter allows a distance between two points to be entered even if the actual distance is not known. For example: D 23 24 will input the distance, indirectly, from point #23 to point #24. REPEATABILITY ------------- All commands (except control commands) may be repeated without having to reenter the command (or its code #). When a command is entered in the normal manner and is executed, a repetition of that command using different variables is possible without having to re-type the command. After the command is executed the 1st time, simply type a space in place of the command (press the [SPACE BAR] one time) then enter the new variables. When COGO sees this single space, the prior command will always be executed for as many times as the blank space occupies the 1st column of succeeding input strings (applies to .INP files for batching, too). As previously stated, the directions and distances may be indirectly input, as follows: DELIMITER EXAMPLES DESCRIPTION ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ D D 1 7 Denotes a straight line distance from point 1 to point 7. A A 3 6 Denotes the azimuth or bearing from point 3 to point 6. G G 1 4 9 Denotes the angle at point 4, clockwise from 1 to 9. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 30 OPERATING CONVENTIONS EXAMPLES OF ANGULAR/DISTANCE INPUT ---------------------------------- 227 Distance of 227 feet 227.23458431 Distance of 227.23458431 feet (227.234584) Distance of 227.234584 feet D 23 85 Distance between points #23 and #85 (227 + 50.23) Distance sum of 227 and 50.23 feet (50 - 20 + 10) Distance of 40 feet (D 25 30 + 227) Distance between points #25 and #30 summed to 227 feet -43. 43 deg 43 03. 43 deg, 3 min 43 23 05.7 43 deg, 23 min, 5.7 sec -55 23. 55 deg, 23 min angle (CCW) left 90 00 00.00 90 deg angle (CW) right 90 0 0 90 deg angle (CW) right +90 0 0 90 deg angle (CW) right G 234 235 236 Angle right (CW) at point 235, from point 234 to point 236 (A 235 235 - 230.) Angle between azimuth from points 235 to 236, and azimuth of 230 degrees S 23 23 23 W BRG S 23 deg 23 min 23 sec W S23 23 23W BRG S 23 deg 23 min 23 sec W S23 23 23.4E BRG S 23 deg 23 min 23.4 sec E N 0. E DUE NORTH N 0. W DUE NORTH 1 0. DUE NORTH (Quad #) N 90. E DUE EAST S 90. E DUE EAST 1 90. DUE EAST (Quad #) S 0. E DUE SOUTH S 0. W DUE SOUTH 2 0. DUE SOUTH (Quad #) S 90. W DUE WEST N 90. W DUE WEST 3 90. DUE WEST (Quad #) 3 23 23 23.5 BRG S 23 deg 23 min 23.5 sec W A 235 678 BRG from point 235 to point 678 (S45.W + A 5 8 - A 3 4) BRG S 45 deg W plus the angle between courses 5 to 8 and 3 to 4 NOTE: At any point in the instructions, CCW = Counterclockwise CW = Clockwise GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 31 OPERATING CONVENTIONS FIGURES ------- Figures are explained in great detail on page 22. However, is should be noted that whenever possible, you should specify all or part of your coordinate files as figures. Using figures in COGO commands, as opposed to point numbers, is the most efficient way to manipulate the coordinates. Note the number of COGO commands that require a coordinate "DESC" as input. In all cases, "DESC" may be a string of point numbers OR it can be a single figure number. Obviously, using figure numbers is much preferable to dealing with whole strings of point numbers. FIGURE TRANSPOSITIONS --------------------- For all commands that use figures as input data, you may reverse, or transpose the point numbers by following the figure number or description with the letter (T). This produces the effect of having entered the points in reversed order (although it does not permanently alter their order). For example, using the figure #1 (of above), the command INVERSE BEARING 1 T would output the bearings/distances in the order 1 5 4 3 2 1. UPPER CASE LOCK --------------- COGO recognizes only upper case input for all commands and data. So that this requirement poses no inconvenience, the program will automatically shift the [CapsLock] to upper case. The [NumLock] toggle, however, will not be altered; it will remain in cursor control mode as the default. Of course you can choose between number mode (for quick COGO input) or cursor mode (for use in memory-resident utilities such as SIDEKICK). Please note that your [CapsLock] key's LED will not reflect the CAPS ON status (if your keyboard is so equipped). When COGO is exited in the normal manner via END OF RUN, the [CapsLock] will be revoked to its default state of [CapsLock] off. We realize that this little ammenity is not a particularly earthshaking feature, but it will help to prevent mental disintegration brought on by continually forgetting to manually toggle [CapsLock] when you first power up (such as the authors experienced with other COGO's). COORDINATE AREA / FIGURE AREA ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ If, during the S O J, you find that your figure area is equal to or greater than the coordinate area, store a dummy value in a point number 50 or 100 points higher than your highest point number. Better yet, create all of your coordinate points, if not the majority, before you create figures. We make these recommendations so that your file access will be efficient and free of errors. DON'T LET THE COORDINATE AREA GET EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN THE FIGURE AREA! GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 32 THE "FLIP UP" MENU [ALT] + [Z] GeoCalc's COGO - Main Menu 1 Adj Area 21 Cord Off 41 Fit Align 61 PtsAzInt 81 2 Alignment 22 Cord POA 42 Fit Curve 62 PtsBrgInt 82 Tangent 3 Ali Off 23 Cord POSP 43 Get Cords 63 Pts Int 83 Tan Off 4 Angles 24 Copy File 44 Get Fig 64 PtsOnAli 84 Trav Ang 5 ArcArcInt 25 Crv Sprl 45 Inv Az 65 Redefine 85 Trav Az 6 ArcLinAz 26 Def Curve 46 Inv Brgs 66 Segment 86 Trav Brg 7 ArcLinBrg 27 Del Cords 47 Line Sprl 67 SgmtPlus 87 Trav Dfl 8 ArcLinPts 28 Del Fig 48 List Cord 68 SgmtMinus 88 Type Prt 9 Area 29 DesAliAz 49 List Fig 69 Smpl Curv 89 Type Scrn 10 Area Az 30 DesAliBrg 50 List File 70 Smpl Sprl 11 Area Brg 31 Distance 51 Loc Angle 71 Sprl Lgth 12 Az Int 32 Div Arc 52 Loc Az 72 Sprl Off 13 33 Div Fig 53 Loc Brg 73 Sprl Sprl 14 34 Div Line 54 Loc Defl 74 StrtOfJob 15 35 EndOfJob 55 LocFrmAli 75 StaAndOff 16 Batch Prt 36 EndOfRun 56 Loc Line 76 StaFrmCrd 17 Batch Scr 37 Extnd Arc 57 Off Align 77 Store 18 Brg Int 38 FigArcInt 58 78 Sto Fig 19 Cmpd Sprl 39 FigFigInt 59 Par Fig 79 Sto Job ALT+Z Menu 20 Conv Merd 40 FigLinInt 60 Par Line 80 Sts Int ALT+F In/Ft THE "FLIP UP" INCH/FOOT CONVERSION TABLE For those who haven't yet mastered the mental gymnastics of converting inches to and from decimal feet, a simple "flip-up" conversion table is available by pressing the [ALT] and [F] keys simultaneously. This table displays whole and fractional inches to sixteenths of an inch and their decimal equivalents to 3 decimal places of a foot. To "flip-down" the table and return to the unaltered COGO screen, press [ALT]+[F] again. Alternately, registered user's versions include a program that can be called interactively from within COGO to make the conversions via the on-screen "HP-11C" calculator emulator and "export" the converted numbers to the last position of the COGO cursor. Although its not as sexy, we like the flip-up better. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 33 CONTROL COMMANDS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Control commands are used to control COGO's jobs and files (and the flow of those files) by specifying the input/output devices. Control commands have two unique characteristics: a) The command is processed between or during a job; other commands are processed only during a job. b) Control commands have no repeatability; if a blank command follows a control command, it will not be interpreted as being the same command. The control commands are: # NAME # NAME ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 74 Start Of Job 17 Batch Screen 35 End Of Job 16 Batch Print 36 End Of Run 88 Type Print 89 Type Screen FILE MAINTENANCE COMMANDS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ COGO allows both temporary and permanent storage of data files whose contents may be listed or copied. The file maintenance commands are: # NAME ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 50 List File 24 Copy File 79 Store Job POINTS MANTENANCE COMMANDS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ These provide the ability to transfer coordinate values of points from one media to another. They do not provide geometric functions. The points maintenance commands are: # NAME ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 77 Store 65 Redefine 43 Get Coordinates 27 Delete Coordinates GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 34 FIGURE MAINTENANCE COMMANDS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ These provide the ability to transfer figures from one media to another. They do not provide geometric functions. Note that a figure is composed only of a "string" of point numbers and not the actual coordinate values of those points, and is no more than a list of integers and delimiters. This "string" can describe not only a figure, such as a closed traverse, but also a group of figures. The figure maintenance commands are: # NAME ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 78 Store Figure 44 Get Figures 28 Delete Figures LINE & CURVE EXTENSION COMMANDS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ These commands generally provide the assignment of coordinate values to user-specified points based on given directions and distances from known points. Together with the intersection type commands, they comprise the bulk of COGO's geometric power and utility. Their use is enhanced by angular and distance delimiters and expressions. The line and curve extension commands are: # NAME ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 37 Extend Arc 51 Locate Angle 52 Locate Azimuth 53 Locate Bearing 54 Locate Deflection 56 Locate Line POINTS MOVE COMMANDS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ These commands replace original coordinate values of points with new values. CAUTION and CARE is urged since they permanently alter coordinate values. The points move commands are: # NAME ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 20 Convert Meridian 1 Adjust Area GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 35 POINTS DEFINITION COMMANDS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ These are the "redundant" commands, which will generally allow a more convenient and efficient geometric solution to a problem that might have been solved by the use of several other commands. The points definition commands are # NAME # NAME ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 82 Tangent 42 Fit Curve 83 Tangent Offset 59 Parallel Figure 32 Divide Arc 60 Parallel Line 33 Divide Figure 80 Streets Intersect 34 Divide Line LINE & CURVE INTERSECTION COMMANDS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ These commands will compute the intersections of two lines, a line and a curve, two curves, a line and a figure, a curve and a figure, or two figures. Each time one of these commands is invoked, a single point of intersection is computed. If more than one intersection is possible, as in the case of intersecting a line with a curve, COGO will compute all possible intersections and YOU must select the correct intersection by specifying its proximity (nearest or farthest) to a pre-selected point of YOUR specification (usually designated as "M" in the variable data lists). In all of these commands which utilize figures or straight lines, you must consider the lines to be extended to infinity at each of their ends. The line and curve intersection commands are: # NAME # NAME ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 12 Azimuth Intersect 7 Arc Line Bearing 18 Bearing Intersect 8 Arc Line Points 63 Points Intersect 5 Arc Arc Intersect 61 Points Azimuth Intersect 38 Figure Arc Intersect 62 Points Bearing Intersect 39 Figure Figure Intersect 6 Arc Line Azimuth 40 Figure Line Intersect GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 36 DATA DISPLAY COMMANDS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Although these commands do compute values, they neither store nor modify data but rather display it. The data display commands are: # NAME # NAME ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 48 List Coordinates 84 Traverse Angles 49 List Figures 85 Traverse Azimuths 31 Distance 86 Traverse Bearings 45 Inverse Azimuths 87 Traverse Deflections 46 Inverse Bearings 4 Angles 9 Area 66 Segment 10 Area Azimuths 67 Segment Plus 11 Area Bearings 68 Segment Minus FIGURE ALIGNENT COMMANDS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ These commands provide the capability of working with an entire alignment, including any number of straight lines and circular curves. In each of the commands, the alignment to be used is specified by the first 3 data variables. The 1st item is the figure number or description to be used as the alignment, which must be described in ASCENDING order of stationing (the 2nd point in DESC must have a higher value than the 1st). If this is NOT the case, then TRANSPOSE the description by appending the letter "T" to the DESC. The 2nd item is the point number of the point to be used to define the stationing, which may be ANY point. The 3rd item is the station of the above-mentioned point. NOTE: These commands consider the alignment to be extended along a tangent of each end when stations are outside the range of the specified alignment. The figure alignment commands are: # NAME ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 75 Stations And Offsets 64 Points On Alignment 55 Locate From Alignment 3 Alignment Offset 29 Describe Alignment Azimuths 30 Describe Alignment Bearings GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 37 SPIRAL COMMANDS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ These commands augument the preceding FIGURE ALIGNMENT COMMANDS by introducing spirals to the alignments; in all of the following commands, the alignments contain spirals. Several of the commands refer to "spiral in" and "spiral out". Transitioning from a straight line to a circle is the spiral in (also known as tangent-to-spiral), and transitioning from the circle to a straight line is the spiral out (also known as spiral-to-tangent). The spiral commands are: # NAME # NAME ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 70 Simple Spiral 47 Line Spiral 71 Spiral Length 19 Compound Spiral 72 Spiral Offset 73 Spiral Spiral 23 Coordinate POSP 25 Curve Spiral 41 Fit Alignment ALIGNMENT COMMANDS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ These commands are used to define and solve the geometry associated with alignments, including simple curves, tangents, offsets, and stationing along the line. All curves are circular and stations are expressed in decimal feet (STAtion 23+34.546 is entered as 2334.546). Note that an ALIGNMENT or DEFINE CURVE command must preceed: COORDINATE POA COORDINATE OFFSET OFFSET ALIGNMENT STATION FROM COORDINATE The ALIGNMENT or DEFINE CURVE commands establishes a circular curve in memory by storing its parameters (only 1 set at a time). The above commands then will apply to that curve. If a 2nd ALIGNMENT or DEFINE CURVE command is given, a new curve is established, the above commands refer to the new curve, and the 1st curve no longer exists. Any curve established and defined will remain in memory until a new curve is defined. If all of the curve data is known, use the DEFINE CURVE command to establish the curve in memory; if the curve has unknown values, use the ALIGNMENT command. # NAME # NAME ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2 Alignment 21 Coordinate Offset 26 Define Curve 76 Stations From Coordinates 22 Coordinate POA 57 Offset Alignment GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 38 COMMAND VARIABLE NAMES The input variables used by the various commands are explained below; every effort was made to keep the variable names as simple and as logical as possible. All input variables must conform to the sequencing that is specified in the command descriptions on the following pages. VARIABLE GENERAL DESCRIPTION ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I A point # of an Intersection - usually sought. PC A point # of a Point of Curvature. PT A point # of a Point of Tangency. PI A point # of a Point of Intersection. BS A point # to be used as a BackSight. BT A point # of a point on Back Tangent. FS A point # to be used as a ForeSight. FT A point # of a point on Foreward Tangent. POA A point # of a Point On Arc. V A point # of a circle's Vertex or an angle point. L A point # that begins sequential assignment. BEGIN A point # that begins a figure or alignment. END A point # that ends a figure or alignment. N, J, K A point # - usually specified in the description. X Value to be specified - usually a distance. R Value of an arc's Radius. A Value of a specified Azimuth. B Value of a specified Bearing. G Value of a specified anGle. CA Value of a specified Central Angle of a curve. DCA Value of a specified Deg of Curve (Arc Definition). S, STA Value of a Station (STA 1234+12.123) DS Value dividing a line/arc into equal segments. F A figure #. DESC A figure DESCription - either sequential point #'s, or, a figure #. / End of Data marker - any variables after this marker are optional. CRV A CuRVe number - between 1 and 999. M A reference - generally for intersections; make the intersect closest to +M or farthest from -M. ABBREVIATIONS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ All commands may be abbreviated, provided: 1) The first letter of each command word must be used in the abbreviation (i.e. [I]nverse [B]earing = I B). 2) Enough letters of the command are used in the remainder of the abbreviation to differentiate it from other commands. For example, DE C can not be used because commands [DE]fine [C]urve and [DE]lete [C]oordinates share the same abbreviation. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 39 ADJUST AREA CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 AD AR DESC AREA BEGIN END N J / ALSO Adjust the area described by DESC to be AREA in square feet. Make the adjustment in the sides starting at point BEGIN and ending at point END. Variables N and J are additional parameters needed by some methods. Points described in ALSO, although not part of DESC, will be moved in the same manner as the points between BEGIN and END. NOTE: None of the points to be adjusted may be the 1st or last point in the figure description. NOTE: BEGIN and END must be specified in the same sequence that they appear in the description DESC. NOTE: This is an extremely powerful command that may otherwise be known as AREA CUT-OFF. OUTPUT: The initial and final areas are expressed in square feet. Coordinates are changed to reflect the new area. ROTATIONAL Rotate the sides between BEGIN and END about point METHOD #1 N, where N may be any defined point. J is not (J=0) used but it must be entered as 0 to satisfy input format requirements. PERPEN- Move the sides between BEGIN and END in a DICULAR direction perpendicular to a line connecting METHOD #2 points BEGIN and END. Points N and J are not used (N=0, but must be entered as 0 to satisfy input format J=0) requirements. PARALLEL Move the sides between BEGIN and END in a METHOD #3 direction parallel to a line connecting points N and J. CAUTION: Present coordinates may be used to create new coordinates, erasing old values. These old values, once written over by the new values, can not be recovered - exercise caution !!! DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 40 ALIGNMENT CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2 ALI CRV BT PI FT PC V PT R TAN SBT X ALIGNMENT is used to define and solve the geometry of circular curves, defining any given curve as number CRV. Adjoining curves can then be identified and used by their CRV numbers. CRV - Identification number assigned to CuRVe (0 to 999). BT - Any known point on Back Tangent. PI - Known Point Of Intersection of the tangents. FT - Any known point on Foreward Tangent. PC - Number assigned to the Point of Curvature. V - Number assigned to the Vertex of the curve. PT - Number assigned to the Point of Tangency. R - Radius of curve (if unknown = 0). TAN - Length of curve Tangent (if unknown = 0). SBT - The Station of previously entered point BT. If this value is entered as -1, point BT is considered (and must be entered as) the PT of previous curve; also, SBT is assumed to be the station of the previous PT (that is, X = 0). This allows stationing to be automatically carried foreward. X - Fixed distance from BT to PC. If V and TAN are unknown (0 must be input) and X = 0, the curve will be compounded or reversed with the previous curve. If V and TAN are unknown (0 must be input) and X has a value such as X = 150', the curve will be computed such that the PC is 150' from the BT (usually, but not necessarily, the PT of the previous curve.) NOTE: All PI's must have been prevously located. NOTE: IF X=0, TAN=0, and V=0, then the BT must be the same point number as the PC. NOTE: Stationing is input as decimal feet (STA 23+21 = 2321.) NOTE: Where a distance or length is unknown, the value 0 must be entered; operators cannot be used in the command. NOTE: The ALIGNMENT command must preceed the following commands: COORDINATE POINT ON ARC COORDINATE OFFSET STATION FROM COORDINATE OFFSET ALIGNMENT GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 41 ALIGNMENT OFFSET CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3 A OF DESC N S J K This command is used to locate a point on an alignment from an offset point. DESC is either a figure number or description. Stationing is defined by point N having station S. Point J is located on the alignment by drawing a perpendicular from point K to the alignment. EXAMPLE: A OF (1 2 C3R 4) 2 10560 10 50 DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 42 ANGLES CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4 ANG DESC In the figure described by DESC, compute: 1) The distance from back point B to angle point A 2) The clockwise angle from back point B to foreward point F as observed at angle point A 3) The distance from angle point A to foreward point F. EXAMPLE: ANGLES 5 (using a figure number) B A F B/A DIST B/A/F ANGLE A/F DIST --- --- --- -------- ----------- -------- ANGLE 834 674 462 347.4598 177 21 34.4 467.2387 ANGLE 674 462 355 467.2387 67 14 13.0 388.8801 ANGLE 462 355 901 388.8801 204 15 23.4 78.3116 etc.......... EXAMPLE: ANGLES 674 462 355 (using coordinate point numbers) B A F B/A DIST B/A/F ANGLE A/F DIST --- --- --- -------- ----------- -------- ANGLE 674 462 355 467.2387 67 14 13.0 388.8801 DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 43 ARC ARC INTERSECT CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5 A A I I V1 R1 V2 R2 M Locate point I by intersectng the circle centered at V1 having radius R1, with the circle centered at V2 having radius R2. This particular command is also known, in other COGO's, as "DISTANCE/DISTANCE INTERSECT". If you are used to calling it by that name, simply consider the two distances as R1 and R2. NOTE: The desired intersection will be the one closest to positive point M, or farthest from negative point M. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 44 ARC LINE AZIMUTH CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 6 A L A I V R P A M / OFF Locate point I by intersecting a circle whose vertex is at V and whose radius is R, with the line through point P on an azimuth (or optionally, a bearing) of A. This particular command is also known, in other COGO's, as "AZIMUTH/DISTANCE INTERSECT". If you are used to calling it by that name, simply consider the distance as R. NOTE: The desired intersection will be the one closest to positive point M, or farthest from negative point M. NOTE: OFF is the optional offset distance from the line through P. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 45 ARC LINE BEARING CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 7 A L B I V R P B M / OFF Locate point I by intersecting a circle whose vertex is at V and whose radius is R, with the line through point P on a bearing (or optionally, an azimuth) of B. This particular command is also known, in other COGO's, as "BEARING/DISTANCE INTERSECT". If you are used to calling it by that name, simply consider the distance as R. NOTE: The desired intersection will be the one closest to positive point M, or farthest from negative point M. NOTE: OFF is the optional offset distance from the line through P. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 46 ARC LINE POINTS CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 8 A L P I V R P N M / OFF Locate point I by intersecting a circle whose vertex is at point V and whose radius is R, with the line defined by points P and N. NOTE: The desired intersection will be the one closest to positive point M, or farthest from negative point M. NOTE: OFF is the optional offset distance from the line through points P and N. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 47 AREA CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 9 AR DESC Compute and display the area enclosed by the points of description DESC. The last point number must be the same as the first. DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 48 AREA AZIMUTH CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 10 AR A DESC Compute and display the area enclosed by the points of description DESC. Also, for each line, compute and display the course distance and azimuth. The last point number must be the same as the first. DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 49 AREA BEARING CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 11 AR B DESC Compute and display the area enclosed by the points of description DESC. Also, for each line, compute and display the course distance and bearing. The last point number must be the same as the first. DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 50 AZIMUTH INTERSECT CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 12 A I I J A1 K A2 / OFFA / OFFB Locate point I by intersecting the line through point J at azimuth A1 with the line through K at azimuth A2. This particular command is also known, in other COGO's, as "AZIMUTH/AZIMUTH INTERSECT". NOTE: OFFA and OFFB are optional offsets. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 51 BATCH PRINT CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 16 BA PR N Read an ASCII disk file and execute the input stream of commands to the printer. N = 0, Input is sent to printer; output is sent to printer. N = 1, Input not sent to printer; output is sent to printer. N = -1, Only error messages will be sent to printer. When the input is ended, COGO resets to TYPE SCREEN status with the print control remaining as previously set and system is in pause status. This command is quite powerful when properly used. For example, you may have one of your technicians (or secretary) type the following commands and field data using your WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM or TEXT EDITOR. Note that all input commands and data are in UPPER CASE: TYPE PRINT -- This is KNOWN 1 10000 1000 | created on LOCATE BEARING 1 2 N 45 00 00 E 1000.000 | your word LOCATE BEARING 2 3 S 44 00 00 E 1000.000 |-> processor & LOCATE BEARING 3 4 S 45 00 00 W 1000.000 | named LOCATE BEARING 4 5 N 45 00 00 W 1000.000 | YOURFILE.INP END OF JOB - After "batching" this in, suppose you find that it doesn't close. Rather than finding the blunder and correcting all courses from that point, interactively from the keyboard, all you have to do is correct that ONE course (in the word processor) and re-batch it back in COGO. When only 10 or 20 courses are involved, interactive keyboard input is simple and efficient; when many more courses must be entered, the BATCH input method is much more effective and allows easier correction of input errors. NOTE: Any text file (ASCII) must be labeled with an extension of [.INP]. The full input command might be: BATCH PRINT -1 (type the command - no output) input file? (COGO asks for the .INP file) YOURFILE (you enter the .INP filename WITHOUT the .INP extension) Where YOURFILE.INP contains the commands and field data listed above. Unless you require a printed record of the input/output during the batch computations, we suggest you specify the -1 switch of no output. This will speed the batch process considerably. See the SAMPLE PROBLEM for more details. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 52 BATCH SCREEN CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 17 BA SC N Read an ASCII disk file and execute the input stream of commands to the monitor screen. N = 0, Input is sent to screen; output is sent to screen. N = 1, Input not sent to screen; output is sent to screen. N = -1, Only error messages will be sent to screen. When the input is ended, COGO resets to TYPE SCREEN status with the print control remaining as previously set and system is in pause status. This command is quite powerful when properly used. For example, you may have one of your technicians (or secretary) type the following commands and field data using your WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM or TEXT EDITOR. Note that all input commands and data are in UPPER CASE: TYPE PRINT -- This is KNOWN 1 10000 1000 | created on LOCATE BEARING 1 2 N 45 00 00 E 1000.000 | your word LOCATE BEARING 2 3 S 44 00 00 E 1000.000 |-> processor & LOCATE BEARING 3 4 S 45 00 00 W 1000.000 | named LOCATE BEARING 4 5 N 45 00 00 W 1000.000 | YOURFILE.INP END OF JOB - After "batching" this in, suppose you find that it doesn't close. Rather than finding the blunder and correcting all courses from that point, interactively from the keyboard, all you have to do is correct that ONE course (in the word processor) and re-batch it back in COGO. When only 10 or 20 courses are involved, interactive keyboard input is simple and efficient; when many more courses must be entered, the BATCH input method is much more effective and allows easier correction of input errors. NOTE: Any text file (ASCII) must be labeled with an extension of [.INP]. The full input command might be: BATCH SCREEN -1 (type the command - no output) input file? (COGO asks for the .INP file) YOURFILE (you enter the .INP filename WITHOUT the .INP extension) Where YOURFILE.INP contains the commands and field data listed above. Unless you require a printed record of the input/output during the batch computations, we suggest you specify the -1 switch of no output. This will speed the patch process considerably. See the SAMPLE PROBLEM for more details. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 53 BEARING INTERSECT CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 18 B I I J B1 K B2 / OFFA / OFFB Locate point I by intersecting the line through point J at bearing B1 with the line through K at bearing B2. This particular command is also known, in other COGO's, as "BEARING/BEARING INTERSECT". NOTE: OFFA and OFFB are optional offsets. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 54 COMPOUND SPIRAL CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 19 CO S CRV BT CS PI SC X DC1 DC2 SGN Calculate the compound curve, given the following: CRV = Assigned CuRVe identification number (1-999). BT = Known point on the Back Tangent. CS = Known point on the point of change of Curve to Spiral. PI = Assigned Point of Intersection of the two tangents. SC = Assigned point of point of change of Spiral to Curve. X = Known length of compound spiral, meas. from CS to SC. DC1 = Degree of Curve of circular curve 1 (the central angle which subtends a 100 foot arc) in DEG-MIN-SEC format. DC2 = Degree of Curve of circular curve 2 (the central angle which subtends a 100 foot arc) in DEG-MIN-SEC format. SGN = 1 for clockwise curve, -1 for counterclockwise curve. OUTPUT: Curve number Coordinates of CS Coordinates of PI Coordinates of SC Tangent lengths Tangent azimuths GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 55 CONVERT MERIDIAN CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 20 C M DESCJ DESCK J K G / SCALE Rotate and translate the known coordinates of description DESCJ, storing the resulting values in the points of description DESCK. Point J is a point in the original system and point K is the corresponding point in the converted system. G is the angle of rotation. If points J and K are descriptions DESCJ and DESCK, then they will be used to tie the descriptions together; otherwise, the figures will be tied by their first points. Distances between all points in the figure are multiplied by the optional SCALE. For example, if J is the 5th point of DESCJ and K is the 8th point of DESCK, then the 6th point of DESCJ will be converted and stored in the 9th point of DESCK, the 7th in the 10th, etc. When the end of either figure is reached, the 1st point will be next until all points in DESCJ have been converted. If a point number appears more than once in DESCJ, it will be converted only once. Description DESCK must be as large as, or larger, than DESCJ. If it is not desired to save the old coordinates, DESCK may equal DESCJ. CAUTION: Present coordinates may be used to create new coordinates, erasing old values. These old values, once written over by the new values, can not be recovered - exercise caution !!! DESCK OR DESKJ may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx...#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 56 COORDINATE OFFSET CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 21 C O J S X Compute the coordinates of point J, along an arc station S, and radially offset from the arc by the distance X. If offset point J is to the left of the arc (along stationing) assign a negative sign to X; if J is to the right, it is positive. Note that the curve must have been previously defined by a DEFINE CURVE or ALIGNMENT command. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 57 COORDINATE POINT ON ARC CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 22 C POA J S Compute the coordinates of assigned point on arc J, whose arc station is S. Note that the curve must have been previously defined by a DEFINE CURVE or ALIGNMENT command. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 58 COORDINATE POINT ON SPIRAL CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 23 C POS J X Locate point J on a previously defined SIMPLE SPIRAL or SPIRAL LENGTH the distance X from the "Tangent-To-Spiral" as measured along the curve. OUTPUT: Point #N and its coordinates; the spiral number, the length along the spiral, and the azimuth of the tangent at point N. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 59 COPY FILE CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 24 CO FI FILE1 FILE2 Copies the contents of FILE1 into file FILE2, on the same disk, so long as FILE2 does not already exist. This command can be found convenient when you wish to attempt trial computations or just experiment with an existing but do not want to permanently alter the file. COPY FILE thus allows you to create a second, identical file with which to experiment so that the original file is not altered. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 60 CURVE SPIRAL CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 25 CV S I R V M Compute the intersection point I of the spiral previously defined by SIMPLE SPIRAL or SPIRAL LENGTH, and the circular curve defined by vertex V and radius R. If two intersections are found, point I will be computed closest to point M. OUTPUT: Coordinates of point I. Distance from "Tangent-To-Spiral" to point I. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 61 DEFINE CURVE CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 26 DEF C CRV PC SPC PI PT SPT V SIGN Define a curve so that future commands will be recognized; the DEFINE CURVE command itself outputs no data. CRV = Number to be assigned to the CURVe (1-999) PC = Number to be assigned to the Point of Curvature. SPC = Known Station value to be assigned to the PC. PI = Known Number of Point of Intersection of tangents. PT = Known Number of Point of Tangency. SPT = Known Station value to be assigned to the PT. V = Known Number of the Vertex of the curve. SIGN = 1.0 for clockwise; -1.0 for counterclockwise. This command should precede many other commands that require a curve to have been previously defined, such as: 19 Coordinate Offset 20 Coordinate Point On Arc (POA) 59 Offset Alignment 78 Stations And Offsets GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 62 DELETE COORDINATES CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 27 DEL C DESC Deletes coordinates from disk memory. DESC = Figure number or specified points. EXAMPLES: DEL C (5) Delete coords of Point 5 DEL C 5 Delete coords of Figure 5 DEL C (1 5 10) Delete coords of Points 1, 5, 10 DEL C (1-9999) Delete ALL coords. -------------------------------------------- | | | EXERCISE CAUTION WITH THIS COMMAND!!! | | | | ONCE YOU HAVE DELETED VALUES, | | | | THEY CANNOT BE RECOVERED | | | -------------------------------------------- DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 63 DELETE FIGURES CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 28 DEL F DESC Deletes the figures specified in DESC from disk. EXAMPLES: STO F 3 (1-27) DEL F 3 Delete figures 1 through 27. DEL F 8 Delete figure 8. DEL F (1-18) Delete figures 1 through 18. -------------------------------------------- | | | EXERCISE CAUTION WITH THIS COMMAND!!! | | | | ONCE YOU HAVE DELETED VALUES, | | | | THEY CANNOT BE RECOVERED. | | | -------------------------------------------- DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 64 DESCRIBE ALIGNMENT AZIMUTH CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 29 D A A DESC J SJ / DS / FR TO Describe (list) the alignment specified by DESC. DESC = Figure number or points description of alignment. J = Any known point - used to define the stationing. SJ = Known Station value of point J. DS = If specified, compute/print coords & station for every point having a station evenly divisible by DS. FR = If specified, describe alignment only FRom point FR. TO = If specified, describe alignment only TO point TO. OUTPUT: Coordinates and stations of all PC's, PT's, PI's; coordinates of vertexes; azimuths of all tangents; deflection angles at all PI's; and curve data such as radii, degree of curve, tangent lengths, arc lengths, externals, etc. DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 65 DESCRIBE ALIGNMENT BEARINGS CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 30 D A B DESC J SJ / DS / FR TO Describe (list) the alignment specified by DESC. DESC = Figure number or points description of alignment. J = Any known point - used to define the stationing. SJ = Known Station value of point J. DS = If specified, compute/print coords & station for every point having a station evenly divisible by DS. FR = If specified, describe alignment only FRom point FR. TO = If specified, describe alignment only TO point TO. OUTPUT: Coordinates and stations of all PC's, PT's, PI's; coordinates of vertexes; bearings of all tangents; deflection angles at all PI's; and curve data such as radii, degree of curve, tangent lengths, arc lengths, externals, etc. DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 66 DISTANCE CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 31 DIS DESC Compute the distances between points described in DESC. OUTPUT: Distance from 1st to 2nd points, 2nd to 3rd, 3rd to 4th, etc. DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 67 DIVIDE ARC CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 32 DIV A J K V DS / L Divide an arc whose vertex is at V, clockwise, from point J to point K, into DS equal parts. Assign point numbers on the arc sequentially increasing from point L, if specified; if L is not specified, assign point numbers on the arc sequentially increasing from point J. EXAMPLE: DIV A 200 300 150 4 OUTPUT: PT# NORTHING EASTING ~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ 201 923.87 382.68 202 707.11 707.11 203 382.68 923.87 GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 68 DIVIDE FIGURE CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 33 DIV F DESC DS L Divide the figure described by DESC into DS parts. Store the resulting points as sequentially increasing point numbers beginning with L. DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 69 DIVIDE LINE CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 34 DIV L J K DS / L Divide a line beginning with point J and ending with point K into DS parts. At each even division, assign point numbers on the line sequentially increasing from point L, if specified; if L is not specified, assign point numbers on the line sequentially increasing from point J. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 70 END OF JOB CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 35 E O J (none) At the completion of a job, this command updates the coordinate and figure files (saves all values to disk). It MUST be used to end a job before beginning another. It will not exit you from COGO, but does re-initialize the COGO program and resets all variables and arrays; in effect, you are in "start-up" mode to begin a new job. ************************************************************ * * * * * ALWAYS USE THIS COMMAND TO END ONE JOB * * * * BEFORE BEGINNING ANOTHER * * * * OR * * * * YOU WILL LOOSE YOUR COORDINATES * * * * * ************************************************************ GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 71 END OF RUN CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 36 E O R (none) Allows a "clean" exit to DOS from COGO. It is identical in function to the END OF JOB command (updates disk files), except that instead of re-starting COGO, you are exited to the Disk Operating System of your PC. ************************************************************ * * * * * ALWAYS USE THIS COMMAND TO END * * ~~~~~~ * * A COGO SESSION * * * * - * * * * IT SAVES YOUR COMPUTED VALUES TO DISK! * * * * IT RESETS YOUR [CAPSLOCK] KEYS! * * * * * ************************************************************ GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 72 EXTEND ARC CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 37 E A J V I X From point J, extend an arc centered at vertex V, to locate point I, at arc length X. Positive X extends clockwise; negative X extends counterclockwise. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 73 FIGURE ARC INTERSECT CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 38 F A I I F V R M / OFF Locate point I by intersecting any line in figure F with a circle whose vertex is at V and having a radius of R. The intersection will be the one closest to positive point +M, or farthest from negative point -M. The intersection can be made with a line parallel to figure F (a "range line" of the figure's perimeter) by specifying an offset (range) distance OFF. CAUTION: The lines of the figure are extended to infinity, which may allow MANY possible intersections. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 74 FIGURE FIGURE INTERSECT CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 39 F F I I F1 F2 M / OFF1 / OFF2 Locate point I by intersecting one figure F1 with another F2 at a point closest to positive +M. You may also intersect a range of F1 by specifying the offset distance OFF1; likewise with F2. CAUTION: Both ends of both figures extend to infinity. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 75 FIGURE LINE INTERSECT CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 40 F L I I F J A M / OFF / OFJ Locate point I by intersecting any line in figure F with a line through point J whose azimuth is A. The intersection will be the one closest to positive point +M, or farthest from negative point -M. The intersection can be made with a line parallel to figure F (a "range line" of the figure's perimeter) by specifying an offset (range) distance OFF. The intersection can be made with a line parallel to line J (a "range line" of the J line) by specifying an offset (range) distance OFJ. CAUTION: The ends of the figure extend to infinity. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 76 FIT ALIGNMENT CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 41 F A CRV BT PI DCA XS1 XS2 G SIGN Compute an alignment. CRV = Alignment ID number (1-999) to be assigned. BT = Known point on Back Tangent. PI = Known point at Point of Intersection of tangents, DCA = Degree of Curvature (Arc Definition). XS1 = Length of 1st Spiral (from TS to SC). XS2 = Length of 2nd Spiral (from SC to ST). G = Deflection angle of tangents (must show the minutes and seconds - i.e. 23 00 00, even if they're null). SIGN = +1.0 is clockwise; -1.0 is counterclockwise. NOTE: Points from CRV to CRV+S are used up by this command; pre-existing points in this range will be destroyed. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 77 FIT CURVE CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 42 F C BT PI FT PC V PT / R Fit a curve. BT = Known point on Back Tangent. PI = Known Point of Intersection of tangents. FT = Known point on Foreward Tangent. PC = Assign point number to intended Point of Curvature. V = Assign point number to intended Vertex of curve. PT = Assign point number to intended Point of Tangency. R = Known Radius of curve. NOTE: If BT=PC or FT=PT (or both), then R may be omitted. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 78 GET COORDINATES CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 43 G C NEWDESC OLDDESC OLDFILE Place into the points specified by the range NEWDESC the coordinates assigned to points specified by the range OLDDESC from the file OLDFILE, residing on the default disk drive. EXAMPLES: G C (7) (23) 145 Copy coords of pt. 23 in file 145 to pt. 7 STO FIG 10 (1-20) G C 10 10 145 Copy coords of pts. 1 to 20 in file 145 to points 1 to 20. STO FIG (2 4 26 49) G C (8-10 7) 1 155 Copy coords of pts. 2, 4, 26 and 49 in file 155 to points 8, 9, 10 and 7. NEWDESC OR OLDDESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 79 GET FIGURES CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 44 G F NEWDESC OLDDESC OLDFILE Place into the figures specified by the range NEWDESC the figures specified by the range OLDDESC from the file OLDFILE residing on the default disk drive. EXAMPLES: G F (7) (23) 145 Copy figure 23 in file 145 figure 7. STO FIG 10 (1-20) G F 10 10 145 Copy figures 1 to 10 in file 145 to figures 1 to 20. STO FIG (2 4 26 49) G F (8-10 7) 1 155 Copy figures 2, 4, 26, and 49 in file 155 to figures 8, 9, 10 and 7. NEWDESC OR OLDDESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 80 INVERSE AZIMUTH CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 45 I A DESC Inverse between points specified by DESC. OUTPUT: Point numbers \ (sequentially from Azimuths > first to last points Distances / defined by DESC). DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 81 INVERSE BEARING CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 46 I B DESC Inverse between points specified by DESC. OUTPUT: Point numbers \ (sequentially from Bearings > first to last points Distances / defined by DESC). DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 82 LINE SPIRAL CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 47 L S I J K M Find the Intersection point I of a line defined by points J and K, with a spiral curve previously defined by SIMPLE SPIRAL or SPIRAL LENGTH. If two intersections exist, the intersection I will be assigned to the point closest to positive point M. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 83 LIST COORDINATES CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 48 L C DESC All points and coordinates in the range specified by DESC are listed, except those points that are undefined. EXAMPLES: L C 1-10 List points 1 to 10. L C (12) List point 12. L C 15 List points in figure 15. L C (1-4, 6-9) List points 1 to 4 and 6 to 9. To reduce disk access times, try to keep the range of coordinate point numbers as narrow as possible. If you only need to view points 40 to 85, then specify LIST COORDS 40-85, not 1-300. Also, use range specifiers whenever possible, such as LIST COORDS (1-4 6-9) instead of (1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9). DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 84 LIST FIGURES CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 49 L FIG DESC All figures in the range specified by DESC are listed, except those figures that are undefined. EXAMPLES: L F (1 10) List figures 1 and 10. L F (12) List figure 12. L F 15 List figures in figure 15. L F (1-4 6-9) List figures 1 to 4 and 6 to 9. To reduce disk access times, try to keep the range of figure numbers as narrow as possible. If you only need to view figures 4 to 8, then specify LIST FIGURES (4-8), not 1-30. Also, use range specifiers whenever possible, such as LIST FIGURES (1-3 7-9) instead of (1 2 3 7 8 9). DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 85 LIST FILES CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 50 L FILE DESC Lists the COGO files on the default disk drive as specified by DESC, which must be in the range 1 to 999. To reduce disk access times, try to keep the range of file numbers as narrow as possible. If you only need to view files 4 to 8, then specify LIST FILES (4-8), not 1-30. Also, use range specifiers whenever possible, such as LIST FILES (1-3 7-9) instead of (1 2 3 7 8 9). GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 86 LOCATE ANGLE CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 51 L AG BS V FS A X / G Backsight on BS, turn angle A at point V to locate point FS the distance X from point V. Angle G is an optional vertical angle if X is a slope distance. The nearest multiple of 90 degrees will be taken as horizontal so that vertical angles measured from horizon, zenith, or nadir may be used. If a negative distance is used, the vector is backwards as if 180 degrees were added to the specified angle A. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 87 LOCATE AZIMUTH CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 52 L AZ BS FS A X / G From point BS, locate point FS the distance X and along azimuth A. Angle G is an optional vertical angle if X is a slope distance. The nearest multiple of 90 degrees will be taken as horizontal so that vertical angles measured from horizon, zenith, or nadir may be used. If a negative distance is used, the vector is backwards as if 180 degrees were added to the specified azimuth A. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 88 LOCATE BEARING CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 53 L BR BS FS B X / G From point BS, locate point FS the distance X and along bearing B. Angle G is an optional vertical angle if X is a slope distance. The nearest multiple of 90 degrees will be taken as horizontal so that vertical angles measured from horizon, zenith, or nadir may be used. If a negative distance is used, the vector is backwards as if the reverse of the specified bearing B was used. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 89 LOCATE DEFLECTION CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 54 L DE BS V FS D X / G Backsight on point BS, turn deflection angle D at point V to locate point FS. Angle G is an optional vertical angle if X is a slope distance. The nearest multiple of 90 degrees will be taken as horizontal so that vertical angles measured from horizon, zenith, or nadir may be used. If a negative distance is used, the vector is backwards as if 180 degrees were added to the specified deflection angle D. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 90 LOCATE FROM ALIGNMENT CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 55 L F A DESC J SJ N SN / OFFN Compute location of point N from an alignment. The alignment is specified by figure number or description DESC with stationing defined by J having station SJ. Point N is located from the alignment at station SN and optional OFFset OFFN. EXAMPLES: L F A (1-5) 2 642.5 11 637 STO FIG 1 (1-5) L F A 1 2 642.5 11 637 L F A (1 2 C3R 4) 2 10560 10 10572 DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 91 LOCATE LINE CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 56 L L BS FS I X / G From point BS in the direction of point FS, locate point I the distance X. Angle G is an optional vertical angle if X is a slope distance. The nearest multiple of 90 degrees will be taken as horizontal so that vertical angles measured from horizon, zenith, or nadir may be used. If a negative distance is used, the vector is backwards as if the direction FS to BS (instead of the specified BS to FS) were used. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 92 OFFSET ALIGNMENT CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 57 O A I J Locate point I (on arc) as the intersection, on a line projected from the vertex of a previously defined curve through any known point J. I = Point to be located by intersection, usually on arc (or, optionally, the back tangent). J = Any known point. NOTE: The curve must have been previously defined via the DEFINE CURVE or ALIGNMENT commands. NOTE: If a line projection FROM the vertex of the curve TO point J does not intersect the arc between its defined PC and PT, then the intersection will always occur on the back tangent line at a right angle to J. OUTPUT: I, J, station, offset (-offset if left), coords of I. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 93 PARALLEL FIGURE CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 59 PAR F F OFF L From the line described by figure F, locate the points of a line which is parallel by the offset distance OFF. Assign point numbers as L, L+1, L+2, L+3, etc. The centers of curves are not defined by this command because they are the same as those of figure F. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 94 PARALLEL LINE CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 60 PAR L BS1 FS1 OFF BS2 FS2 From the line defined by points BS1 to FS1, at the offset distance OFF (negative OFF if left, positive right), define a parallel line by locating points BS2 and FS2. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 95 POINTS AZIMUTH INTERSECT CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 61 P A I I J K BEGIN A / OFF1 / OFF2 Find the intersection I by intersecting the line defined by points J and K, with a line beginning at point BEGIN whose azimuth is A. Offsets OFF1 and OFF2 are optional. NOTE: Consider the ends of straight lines or figures to extend to infinity. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 96 POINTS BEARING INTERSECT CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 62 P B I I J K BEGIN B / OFF1 / OFF2 Find the intersection I by intersecting the line defined by points J and K, with a line beginning at point BEGIN whose bearing is B. Offsets OFF1 and OFF2 are optional. NOTE: Consider the ends of straight lines or figures to extend to infinity. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 97 POINTS INTERSECT CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 63 P I I J1 K1 J2 K2 / OFF1 / OFF2 Find the intersection I by intersecting the line defined by points J1 and K1, with the line defined by points J2 and K2. Offsets OFF1 and OFF2 are optional. NOTE: Consider the ends of straight lines or figures to extend to infinity. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 98 POINTS ON ALIGNMENT CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 64 P O A DESC J SJ DS L / OFFJ / BEGIN / END Compute points at fixed intervals along an alignment which is specified by figure number or alignment (DESC). Stationing is specified by point J whose station is SJ. Points are computed along the alignment at each position that has a station evenly divisible by the interval DS in feet and optional offset OFFJ. Computed points are stored in L, L+1, L+2, L+3, etc. Optional BEGIN and END points may be specified as limits, beyond which no points will be computed. DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 99 REDEFINE CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 65 RED J K Assign the coordinates of point J to point K. J is not disturbed. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 100 SEGMENT CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 66 SEG POA1 POA2 R For the segment of a circle whose radius is R intersecting the arc at points POA1 and POA2, compute the segment area. OUTPUT: The chord length, arc length between POA1 and POA2, and the segment area. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 101 SEGMENT PLUS CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 67 SEG P POA1 POA2 R For the segment of a circle whose radius is R intersecting the arc at points POA1 and POA2, compute the segment area. OUTPUT: The chord length, arc length between POA1 and POA2, and the segment area. NOTE: When SEGMENT PLUS (or SEGMENT MINUS) is used, the segment area is added (or subtracted) to the cumulative net area resulting from the last AREA type command and the previous SEGMENT PLUS (or SEGMENT MINUS) commands. This allows any number of segments to be added (or subtracted) to (from) a polygon bounded by multiple curves. After each SEGMENT PLUS (or SEGMENT MINUS), the area up to that point is displayed. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 102 SEGMENT MINUS CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 68 SEG M POA1 POA2 R For the segment of a circle whose radius is R intersecting the arc at points POA1 and POA2, compute the segment area. OUTPUT: The chord length, arc length between POA1 and POA2, and the segment area. NOTE: When SEGMENT MINUS (or SEGMENT PLUS) is used, the segment area is subtracted (or added) to the cumulative net area resulting from the last AREA type command and the previous SEGMENT MINUS (or SEGMENT PLUS) commands. This allows any number of segments to be subtracted (or added) from (to) a polygon bounded by multiple curves. After each SEGMENT MINUS (or SEGMENT PLUS), the area up to that point is displayed. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 103 SIMPLE CURVE CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 69 SI C DESC BT PC PI PT DCA CA SGN Computes additional (see below) data on a circular curve, given the following information: DESC = Curve identification number (1-999) BT = Known point number on Back Tangent. PC = Known Point of Curvature number. PI = Known Point of Intersection of tangents number. PT = Known Point of Tangency number. DCA = Degree of Curve (Arc Definition) in Deg Min Sec. CA = Central Angle of curve in Deg Min Sec. SGN = +1.0 for clockwise curve, -1.0 for counterclockwise, OUTPUT: Curve number, coordinates of PC, PI, and PT, tangent length from PC to PI, length of arc, foreward azimuth from PI to PT, and back azimuth from PC to PI. NOTE: This command must be used independently of any other commands. The commands COORD POA, COORD OFFSET, STA FROM COORD, and OFFSET ALIGNMENT cannot be used on a curve entered by SIMPLE CURVE. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 104 SIMPLE SPIRAL CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 70 SM S DESC BT TS PI SC X DCA SIGN Given the above input variables, this command computes the other parameters associated with a simple spiral. The equations used are defined in "Route Surveying & Design" by Thomas Hickerson published by McGraw-Hill. NOTE: A "spiral in" is the transition from a straight line to a curve as you are entering the figure. A "spiral out" is the transition from a curve to a straight line as you are exiting the figure. DESC = The number of the curve (1-999) BT = Known point on Back Tangent of "spiral in" line TS = Known point of Tangent to Spiral Transition "spiral in", or number assigned for "spiral out" PI = Number assigned to Intersection of spiral tangents SC = Number assigned to Spiral to Curve transition of "spiral in", or known point of Spiral to Curve transition of "spiral out" X = Known length of spiral curve from TS to SC as "spiral in" (-X for spiral out) DCA = Degree of Curve of circular curve SIGN = +1.0 for spiral clockwise, -1.0 for counterclockwise OUTPUT: Curve number DESC, SIGN, spiral length, degree of curvature of circular curve, deflection angle at spiral PI, long tangent length and azimuth, and the coordinates of TS, SC, and PI. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 105 SPIRAL LENGTH CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 71 S L DESC TS SC PI TSA SIGN Given the above input variables, this command computes the entering spiral length (spiral in) only. The equations used are defined in "Route Surveying & Design" by Thomas Hickerson published by McGraw-Hill. NOTE: A "spiral in" is the transition from a straight line to a curve as you are entering the figure. A "spiral out" is the transition from a curve to a straight line as you are exiting the figure. DESC = The number of the curve (1-999) BT = Known point on Back Tangent of "spiral in" line TS = Known point of Tangent to Spiral PI = Number assigned to Point of Intersection of tangents SC = Known point of Spiral to Curve TSA = Azimuth of "spiral in" entering tangent at TS SIGN = +1.0 for spiral clockwise, -1.0 for counterclockwise OUTPUT: Curve number DESC, spiral length from TS to SC, degree of curvature at SC, the tangent lengths and their azimuths, and the coordinates of TS, PI, and SC. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 106 SPIRAL OFFSET CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 72 S O POS OFFJ Find a point POS on a spiral that has been previously defined by the commands SIMPLE SPIRAL or SPIRAL LENGTH, corresponding to an offset J from the spiral. OUTPUT: Coordinates of POS, arc length along spiral from the "tangent to spiral" transition point to POS, and the offset distance from OFFJ to POS. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 107 SPIRAL SPIRAL CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 73 SPR SPR I TS2 BTA2 X2 R2 Computes the intersection I of a previously defined spiral (Spiral 1) with a second spiral (Spiral 2). Spiral 1 must have been previously defined by a SIMPLE SPIRAL or SPIRAL LENGTH command. I = Number assigned to the intersection of the spirals TS2 = Known Point of Tangency of Spiral 2 BTA2 = Back Tangent Azimuth of Spiral 2 (PT to PI) X2 = Length of Spiral 2 R2 = Radius of circular curve of Spiral 2; +R2 for clockwise, -R2 for counterclockwise OUTPUT: Point of intersection I and its coordinates, distance from TS1 to the I, and distance from TS2 to I. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 108 START OF JOB CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 74 S O J FILENO This command resets all indicators, heads the 1st page with the file label, and is used to begin a new job. The FILENO can be any integer between 1 and 999. When a new, unused file number is specified and coordinates are assigned to it, that file number becomes the filename and is saved to disk when END OF JOB or END OF RUN commands are invoked. If an existing file number is specified, then the point numbers, coordinates, figures, and plot files of that file number will be read into memory and used. This will allow you to add to, change, or otherwise alter any existing file. If no file number is specified (just S O J - then [RETURN]), the program will function properly except that when you perform an END OF JOB or END OF RUN command to exit, the file that resides in memory WILL NOT BE SAVED TO DISK; it is considered a temporary file which WILL BE LOST!!! ---------------------------------------------------------- | | | DO NOT BEGIN A JOB WITHOUT A FILE NUMBER | | | | UNLESS YOU INTEND TO CREATE A TEMPORARY FILE. | | | | | | T H E T E M P O R A R Y F I L E | | | | W I L L B E L O S T !!! | | | ---------------------------------------------------------- GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 109 STATIONS AND OFFSETS CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 75 S A O DESCA J STAJ DESCB This command computes the stations and offset distances to the known alignment DESCA whose stationing is defined by known point J having a known station value of STAJ. DESCB is the description (or figure #) of points to be located by station and distance from DESCA. EXAMPLES: S A O (1 2) 1 1000 (5) Print the sta. and offset to the alignment from point 1 to 2 (sta. of point 1 is 10+00) of point 5. : S F 465 (70-75 C3R-9) S F 8 (200-256) S A O 465 32 1423.6 8 Print the sta. and offsets to the alignment described in figure 465, whose stationing is defined by point 32 having station 14+23.6, of each point in figure 8. : S A O 465 32 1423.6 (490-2) Print the sta. and offsets to the same alignment as above, except print to points 490 and 2. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 110 STATION FROM COORDINATES CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 76 S F C POA Compute the station of known point on arc POA. The curve must have been previously defined by a DEFINE CURVE or ALIGNMENT command. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 111 STORE CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 77 STR J Y X Store as point number J the +North/-South coordinate Y and the +East/-West coordinate X. In all coordinate value assignments, the standard algebraic sign conventions apply: North and East coordinates are signed positive. South and West coordinates are signed negative. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 112 STORE FIGURE CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 78 STO FIG J DESC Store all point numbers or other figures specified in DESC in the figure number J. J should be in the range 1 to 9999. As an insight to figure storage, note that the point numbers (but not their coordinates) are stored as the figure file. The coordinates specified in DESC can be typed in as 1 continuous string without pressing [ENTER] until all have been input. If the figure J has been previously defined, the new DESC will replace the old one. Note that a figure may be a base line, an opened or closed property line or polygon, or any group of points. To reduce disk access times, try to keep the range of coordinate numbers as narrow as possible. EXAMPLE: The following 2 commands accomplish the same thing. STO FIG 8 (34 18 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 25 39 38 37 36 35 34) or STO FIG 8 (34 18 3-6 8-12 25 39-34) If another figure number is entered as the DESC, then figure J will be stored as a duplicate of the figure entered as DESC. STO FIG 60 8 Figure 60 is now identical to figure 8. Also note that a figure may be described as containing one or more curves. This is done by listing the point number of the PT, a space, the letter "C", the vertex point number, the letter R or letter L (for curve right or left), a space, and the point number of the PC. For example: STO FIG 345 ( 1-10 11 C12R 13 65-101 ) Where: 11 = PC C = Curve Identifier 12 = Vertex R = Arc To The Right 13 = PT DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 113 STORE JOB CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 79 STO JOB FILENO Store the project currently being computed to the default data disk as file FILENO, where FILENO is any number from 1 to 999. This command is used primarily when a job is initially begun without assigning a file number after the START OF JOB command. As described in the instructions for START OF JOB, a temporary file can be established when beginning a new project by invoking the START OF JOB command then immediately pressing [ENTER] without appending a file number. When you are finished, invoking END OF JOB or END OF RUN will not save your project to disk, and all points, coordinate values, and figures will be lost. However, if you invoke STORE JOB ### (where 1<###<999) before exiting via END OF JOB or END OF RUN, then the file will be saved to your disk as file CG###. You must then exit the job or program normally via END OF JOB or END OF RUN. For all future access of that file, it is treated as if it were created normally via START OF JOB ###. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 114 STREETS INTERSECT CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 80 S I R DESCA WA DESCB WB M I VLL VLR VRL VRR Locate the intersection of two streets, including the PC's, vertices, and PT's of street corners whose radius is +R (or PI's only if R=0). R = Known value of radius of street corner. DESCA = Known centerline description of street A figure WA = Known width of street A DESCB = Known centerline description of street B figure WB = Known width of street B M = Known point - locate I nearest +M or farthest -M I = Assigned Point of Intersection of the centerlines VLL = Vertex of street corner, or PI of intersection if R=0, at the left side of both streets. VLL+1 = PC, on street A, of corresponding corner (if any). VLL+2 = PT, on street B, of corresponding corner (if any). VLR = Vertex of street corner, or PI of intersection if R=0, at the left of street A and right of street B. VLR+1 = PC, on street A, of corresponding corner (if any). VLR+2 = PT, on street B, of corresponding corner (if any). VRL = Vertex of street corner, or PI of intersection if R=0, at the right of street A and left of street B. VRL+1 = PC, on street A, of corresponding corner (if any). VRL+2 = PT, on street B, of corresponding corner (if any). VRR = Vertex of street corner, or PI of intersection if R=0, at the right side of both streets. VRR+1 = PC, on street A, of corresponding corner (if any). VRR+2 = PT, on street B, of corresponding corner (if any). R can be entered as a zero (0) to indicate no street radius corners exist; only the PI's of the tangents will thus be computed. DESCA &/or DESCB can be specified as edge of street by making WA and/or WB equal zero (0), respectively. VLL, VLR, VRL, and/or VRR may equal zero (0) to indicate no operation in corresponding sector. PC's are to be considered on street A and PT's on street B. The intersection I may also be assigned a value of zero (0) to indicate the intersection of the centerlines is not to be stored. This command can also be used for intersecting a right-of-way with a centerline. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 115 TANGENT CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 82 T PTL VL RL PTS VS RS / SIGN CROSS Locate points PTL and PTS as the end points of a common tangent to 2 circles. PTL = Assigned Point on Tangent of Larger circle VL = Known Vertex of Larger circle RL = Known Radius of Larger circle PTS = Assigned Point on Tangent of Smaller circle VS = Known Vertex of Smaller circle RS = Known Radius of Smaller circle CROSS = +1.0 for external tangents, -1.0 for internal (cross) tangents; larger circle entered first. SIGN = Select for one of two possibilities of either case. A +1.0 indicates a clockwise angle observed at the intersection of a straight line projected from VL to VS with a straight line projected from PTL to PTS; sighting VL, turning to PTL. A -1.0 indicates a counterclockwise angle observed at the intersection of a straight line projected from VL to VS with a straight line projected from PTL to PTS; sighting VL, turning to PTL. OUTPUT: Coordinates of PTL and PTS, distance and azimuth of the tangent from PTL to PTS. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 116 TANGENT OFFSET CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 83 T O I OP BEGIN END Compute the intersection I of a perpendicular offset point OP to a point on a line defined by connecting points BEGIN and END. EXAMPLE: OP | | | | 90deg ----BEGIN--------- I -----------END---- OUTPUT: Coordinates of I, distances from BEGIN to I and I to OP. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 117 TRAVERSE ANGLES CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 84 T AN DESC Traverse the points in figure or description DESC and print the coordinates, angles, and distances. This command is similar to AREA AZIMUTHS or AREA BEARINGS except that no area is printed and the 1st point may be different from the last. DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 118 TRAVERSE AZIMUTHS CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 85 T AZ DESC Traverse the points in figure or description DESC and print the coordinates, azimuths, and distances. This command is similar to AREA AZIMUTHS or AREA BEARINGS except that no area is printed and the 1st point may be different from the last. DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 119 TRAVERSE BEARINGS CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 86 T B DESC Traverse the points in figure or description DESC and print the coordinates, bearings, and distances. This command is similar to AREA AZIMUTHS or AREA BEARINGS except that no area is printed and the 1st point may be different from the last. DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 120 TRAVERSE DEFLECTIONS CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 87 T D DESC Traverse the points in figure or description DESC and print the coordinates, deflections, and distances. This command is similar to AREA AZIMUTHS or AREA BEARINGS except that no area is printed and the 1st point may be different from the last. DESC may take the form of a figure number, or, a series of coordinate point numbers - (#xxx #xxx #xxx.....#xxx). It is suggested that wherever possible, put the points in a figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 121 TYPE PRINT CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 88 T P N This command allows flexibility in producing output on your lineprinter. If N = 0, no input/output is echoed to the printer or screen. If N = 1, only output data is echoed to printer (but not screen). If N = -1, only error messages will output to printer (but not screen). All line and page numbering that would ordinarily update during printer output is suspended while TYPE SCREEN is in effect. When TYPE PRINT is re-invoked, line and page numbering takes place from where it was suspended by the last TYPE SCREEN command. If you alternately call the TYPE SCREEN and TYPE PRINT commands during the course of a single session, we suggest that you follow each TYPE PRINT command with two asterisks (**), as illustrated below: >>TYPE PRINT [RETURN] >>** [RETURN] This will execute a "top-of-form" command to your printer so that you can begin the current phase of your session at the top of a fresh page. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 122 TYPE SCREEN CODE ABBREVIATION INPUT VARIABLES ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 89 T S N This command allows flexibility in producing output on your lineprinter. If N = 0, no input/output is echoed to the printer or screen. If N = 1, only output data is echoed to screen (but not printer). If N = -1, only error messages will output to screen (but not printer). All line and page numbering that would ordinarily update during printer output is suspended while TYPE SCREEN is in effect. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 123 OPERATING ERRORS ERROR MESSAGE COMMAND# CAUSE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Arc Is Greater 23 The distance along the spiral as Than Spiral specified in input is greater than Length spiral length as currently stored. Area Not Found 1 No position can be found for the After 20 Tries sides being adjusted which gives the desired area. Invalid Input (many) The data is not in accordance with input specifications for that particular command. Distance Is 0 51, 52 The distance was entered as zero; 53, 54 only real numbers other than 0 are 56 to be entered. Figure X Changed 44 You're warned that you're changing 78 a figure; it is printed in case you wish to restore it. First Point 1, 9 You have inadvertently asked for Different From 10, 11 the area of an open traverse. Last Hey, we've all done it at one time or another! Invalid Command (none) Column 1 contains a character other than an asterisk or blank indicating it is the 1st letter of a command, but the command can't be recognized. Invalid Figure X (many) The figure number specifed is not in the range 1 to 9999. Invalid Number 32 The number of parts specified is Of Parts X 33 not positive. 34 Invalid Point X (many) You have attempted to store a point whose number is less than or equal to 0..or..greater than the combined lengths of the coordinate area and unused area..or..greater than 9999. Invalid Point 32 The points to be defined as Range X to Y 33 specified by the starting point 34 number and number of parts, includes at least 1 invalid point. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 124 OPERATING ERRORS ERROR MESSAGE COMMAND# CAUSE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Invalid Station 64 The station interval specified is Interval X not positive. Job X Terminated 74 A START OF JOB has been invoked during a job..or..a current job is being terminated so a new one can start. Larger Radius 82 The 1st radius entered is smaller Must Be First than the 2nd and SIGN and CROSS have been specified. No Angle 32 One of the sides of the angle to be divided has a length of zero and therefore no direction. No Curve Defined 21, 22 A curve must be previously stored 57, 76 by an ALGNMENT or DEFINE CURVE command; this was not done. No Intersection (all The specified elements do not intersect intersect..or..the intersection commands) cannot be computed because of some condition noted earlier. No Line 60 The points specified to define the line have the same coordinates and thus do not define a unique line. No Offset 72 No offset can be computed because Possible 83 of a prevously noted error condition..or..in the case of tangent offset the two points defining the line are the same ..or..in the case of spiral offset the offset does not fall on the spiral or has not been computed after 1000 tries. No Previous 2 The station has been specified as Curve To Define -1, meaning the stationing is to Stationing carried foreward from the prior curve, but no prior curve has been stored by an ALIGNMENT or DEFINE CURVE command. No Spiral 23, 25 These commands require a spiral to Defined 47, 72 be stored by SIMPLE SPIRAL, SPIRAL 73 LENGTH, or COMPOUND SPIRAL command which was not done. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 125 OPERATING ERRORS ERROR MESSAGE COMMAND# CAUSE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ No Tangent 83 No tangent is computed because of Possible a prior noted error condition ..or..because one circle lies entirely within the other..or.. a cross tangent between intersecting circles has been requested. Point X (many) New coordinate values are Changed replacing prior ones. Point X or Y Out 1 Points X and Y were specified as Of Sequence the start and end points of the sides to be adjusted; however, one of these points is not in the description..or..one of them is the 1st or last point in the description..or..Y preceeds X in the description. Radius Less 66 The distance between the 2 points Than 1/2 Chord 67 specified is less than 1/2 the 68 chord; they therefore cannot be on the curve. Second Figure 20 The description of the points to Smaller Than 1st be defined contains fewer points than the number of points to be converted. Side At X Has 1 The adjustment required is so Changed Direction great that the sides of the figure no longer intersect unless they extend backwards. Tangent Length 42 The two points specified to define Is Zero one of the tangents are identical and do not define a line. These Figures 43 The description specifying points/ Have Different 44 figures to be defined and the Lengths description specifying points/ figures used to define them show dissimiliar quantities. Undefined 1, 51 Two points which define a line Direction 54, 56 are identical. Undefined (many) You have requested use of a Figure X presently undefined figure. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 126 OPERATING ERRORS ERROR MESSAGE COMMAND# CAUSE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Undefined (many) You have requested use of a Point X presently undefined point. Undefined 42 The radius was not specified Radius in the input not is it defined by coincidence of BT and PC or PT and FT. ************************************************************* * WHENEVER AN ERROR IS DETECTED, 4 QUICK BEEPS WILL SOUND. * * DURING THE CONDUCT OF A COGO SESSION, THIS WILL SEEM LIKE * * A HECK OF A RACKET. HOWEVER, TO CONTINUE BANGING AWAY AT * * THE KEYBOARD NOT AWARE THAT AN ERROR HAS OCCURED COULD BE * * CATASTROPHIC. PAY ATTENTION TO THE SCREEN DURING BEEPS!! * ************************************************************* Every effort has been made to install "error traps" at those points in the program where we anticipate the majority of errors might occur. There might be arithmetic errors, or logic errors, or operator input errors. Whatever the type, we have attempted to foresee their occasion. The "traps" are designed to provide warning that a catastrophic error (one that will exit COGO to DOS, with loss of all data) could occur. They should inform of this potential then offer the user an alternative. Other "traps" simply announce what may or may not be errors. These are most often cases where the user has induced a change in data value, such as assigning new coordinate values to an occupied point number. Different "traps" yet will announce that the input variables to a command were incomplete. Error traps can be only so effective in helping to protect a user from himself before the warnings actually become a liability due to their numbers and audible/optical assaults on an operator's senses. When overloaded with these beeps at every action, you may wish to turn them off - negating their usefulness, or simply find that this isn't the COGO for you. Hopefully, we have achieved an efficient compromise. If you find that you are being incessantly beeped at or, instead, are not being properly warned of hazards, please report your difficulties to us via the report forms at the end of this manual. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 127 A SAMPLE SESSION INTERACTIVE MODE The following sample project is intended only to demonstrate to you the basic commands and allow you to interact with COGO while running a sample job whose outcome is known. However, please note that this is not meant to be a detailed instructional text on the techniques of using COGO, but rather a fast introduction to the mechanics of using the commands and data entry in an INTERACTIVE MODE. Before using COGO for your own projects, please do run this sample job to get familiar with COGO. Although the sample problem describes a very basic geometric figure, it should assist novice users in understanding what COGO is all about: THE ASSIGNMENT OF COORDINATES TO ANY POINT WILL COMPLETELY IDENTIFY AND LOCATE THAT POINT FOR ADDITIONAL USES. The commands STORE, LOCATE BEARING, LOCATE ANGLE, BEARING INTERSECT, INVERSE BEARING, and AREA BEARINGS are used and explained as the solution progresses. There are two distinct modes in which data can be entered into the COGO program: INTERACTIVE...real-time via the keyboard (in much the same fashion as you "punch out" a solution on your hand calculator), and BATCH...where all the commands and data are assembled and fed into COGO at one time. First, we will run in INTERACTIVE mode. We will assume that you have powered up COGO and are now at the COGO prompt >>. From this point on, all of the commands and data that you would type are preceeded by the COGO prompt >>. All COGO output and responses follow your input. ************************************************************ * ----------------------------------------- * * | Start the job and give it a file number | * * | The file number is 234. | * * ----------------------------------------- * * * *>>S O J 234 * * * *********************************************************** ************************************************************ * --------------------------------------------- * * | Store the POB coordinates in point number 1 | * * --------------------------------------------- * * * *>>STORE 1 10000 10000 * * * * STORE 1 * * * ************************************************************ GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 128 A SAMPLE SESSION INTERACTIVE MODE ************************************************************ * -------------------------------------- * * | Traverse the first course, #1 to #2 | * * -------------------------------------- * * * *>>LOCATE BEARING 1 2 N 23 25 26 E 326.247 * * * * 2 10299.3606 10129.6931 * * * ************************************************************ ************************************************************ * ---------------------------------------------- * * | Traverse the 2nd course to the PC of a curve | * * | The PC is point 3. | * * | Note "repeatability" & blank in 1st column. | * * ---------------------------------------------- * * * *>> 2 3 N 23 25 26 E 121.163 * * * * 3 10410.5385 10177.8591 * * * ************************************************************ ************************************************************ * ---------------------------------------------------- * * | Traverse the 3rd course to the vertex of the curve | * * | The vertex is point 4. | * * ---------------------------------------------------- * * * *>>LOCATE ANGLE 2 3 4 -90. 110. * * * * 4 10366.8101 10278.7939 * * * ************************************************************ ************************************************************ * ------------------------------------------------ * * | Traverse the 4th course to the PT of the curve | * * | The PT is point 5. | * * | Note "repeatability" & blank in 1st column. | * * ------------------------------------------------ * * * *>> 3 4 5 90. 110. * * * * 5 10467.7449 10322.5223 * * * ************************************************************ GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 129 A SAMPLE SESSION INTERACTIVE MODE ************************************************************ * -------------------------------------------- * * | Traverse the 5th course to point 6. | * * | Note "repeatability" & blank in 1st column | * * -------------------------------------------- * * * *>> 4 5 6 -90. 110. * * * * 6 10424.0166 10423.4570 * * * ************************************************************ ============================================================= | From this point on, all commands will be entered as codes | | and all directions will be entered as quadrant codes. | | This is considered the "expert" mode of data entry. | ============================================================= ************************************************************ * ------------------------------------ * * | Traverse the 6th course to point 7 | * * ------------------------------------ * * * *>>53 6 7 3 24 13 42 562.875 * * * * 7 9910.7211 10192.4678 * * * ************************************************************ ************************************************************ * ------------------------------------- * * | Inverse between the POB point 1 and | * * | the last calculated point 7. | * * ------------------------------------- * * * *>>46 1 7 * * * * FROM 1 TO 7 S 65 06 54.378 E 212.1664 * * * ************************************************************ GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 130 A SAMPLE SESSION INTERACTIVE MODE ************************************************************* * ------------------------------------------------------- * * | Assign point 8 by intersecting line 6 to 7 with a | * * | perpendicular radiating from point 2. | * * | This is the subdivision line. | * * ------------------------------------------------------- * * | Note that we have used the angle delimiters to | * * | specify the bearings - see pages 28 - 30 for examples | * * ------------------------------------------------------- * * * *>>18 8 2 (A 1 2 - 90.) 6 (A 6 7) * * * * 8 INTERSECTION ANGLE = 89 11 44.000 * * 8 10213.1942 10328.5844 * * * ************************************************************* ========================================================== | Our project is now divided into 2 lots - north and south | | Store both lots as figures. | ========================================================== ************************************************************ * ------------------------------ * * | Store north lot as figure #1 | * * ------------------------------ * * * *>>78 1 (2 3 C4R 5 6 8 2) * * * * STORE FIGURE 1 * * * ************************************************************ ************************************************************ * ------------------------------ * * | Store south lot as figure #2 | * * ------------------------------ * * * *>> 2 (1 2 8 7 1) * * * * STORE FIGURE 2 * * * ************************************************************ GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 131 A SAMPLE SESSION INTERACTIVE MODE ************************************************************ * ---------------------------------------------- * * | Compute the area and display course bearings | * * | and distances of north lot. | * * ---------------------------------------------- * * * *>>11 1 * * * * AREA BEARINGS * * 1 * * 2 10299.3606 10129.6931 * * N 23 25 26.000 E 121.1630 * * 3 10410.5385 10177.8591 * * S 66 34 34.000 E 110.0000 * * CC 4 10366.8101 10278.7939 DELTA=90 00 00.000R L=172.7876* * N 23 25 26.000 E 110.0000 * * 5 10467.7449 10322.5223 * * S 66 34 34.000 E 110.0000 * * 6 10424.0166 10423.4570 * * S 24 13 42.000 W 231.1858 * * 8 10213.1942 10328.5844 * * N 66 34 34.000 W 216.7542 * * 2 10299.3606 10129.6931 * * * * AREA = 47884.025 SQ.FT. = 1.09926595 ACRES * * * ************************************************************ ************************************************************ * ---------------------------------------------- * * | Compute the area and display course bearings | * * | and distances of south lot. | * * ---------------------------------------------- * * * *>> 2 * * * * AREA BEARINGS * * 2 * * 1 10000.0000 10000.0000 * * N 23 25 26.000 E 326.2470 * * 2 10299.3606 10129.6931 * * S 66 34 34.000 E 216.7542 * * 8 10213.1942 10328.5844 * * S 24 13 42.000 W 331.6892 * * 7 9910.7211 10192.4678 * * N 65 06 54.378 W 212.1664 * * 1 10000.0000 10000.0000 * * * * AREA = 70542.041 SQ.FT. = 1.61942242 ACRES * * * ************************************************************ GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 132 A SAMPLE SESSION BATCH MODE If you entered the commands and data of the sample problem in interactive mode, you might now have developed a slightly grudging respect for the power and versatility of COGO, despite having used only the most basic of its commands. As you become more comfortable with COGO and versed in its command structure, you will develop an awareness of its tremendous capabilities. To become thoroughly skilled in its use, all we can suggest is practice, practice, practice. The more you use it, and the more diverse the commands you use, the more efficient you will become. Finally, to demonstrate the BATCH MODE of using COGO, we have placed the entire list of commands and data that created figures 1 and 2 on your data disk in 2 ASCII files. They are files CG234PRO.INP and CG234COM.INP, were created in our word processor, and are listed below as they appear on disk (from your DOS A> prompt, type TYPE B:CG234PRO.INP or TYPE B:CG234COM.INP to view them on your screen). Instead of being run interactively from the keyboard as we did in the preceding pages, the subdivision project could have been typed into a file, using your word processor or text editor. The job could then have been run at any time via the BATCH command, which places COGO into the BATCH mode of operation (as opposed to INTERACTIVE mode). THE BATCH MODE RECOGNIZES, ACCEPTS, AND EXECUTES COMMANDS AND INPUT DATA CONTAINED IN AN ASCII TEXT FILE, JUST AS IF THOSE SAME COMMANDS AND INPUT DATA WERE BEING ENTERED BY THE OPERATOR VIA THE KEYBOARD, INTERACTIVELY. The primary advantage to BATCH mode is that if there was a mistake in any of the data, you do not have to manually re-enter the entire job, after correcting the error, from the keyboard as you would have had to do in interactive mode. You could instead correct just the erroneous data in your editor/word processor then re-run the BATCH. The peripheral advantages to running projects in the BATCH mode are many, but it primarily allows a documented, orderly listing of all input/output (via the printer) for a complex project, provides for convenient error correction, and allows execution by non-technical personnel. If you use the command BATCH SCREEN on either CG234PRO or CG234COM, then the complete solution will scroll across your monitor as it occurs. If you use the command BATCH PRINT, then no display will occur on your monitor but will instead output to the printer, providing you with a printed record of the commands, input data, and output resultants. Note that this will allow evaluation and analysis of the complete solution process as it took place! Please note that coordinates created via the BATCH mode are no different than if they had been created in INTERACTIVE mode; they must be saved to disk via the END OF JOB or END OF RUN commands too. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 133 A SAMPLE SESSION BATCH MODE First, run the CG234COM.INP file & output to screen only: 1) From the COGO prompt >>, type S O J 234 & [RETURN] 2) From the COGO prompt >>, type BATCH SCREEN & [RETURN] 3) In response to query, type CG234COM & [RETURN] Now, run the CG234PRO.INP file & output to printer only: 1) From the COGO prompt >>, type S O J 234 & [RETURN] 2) From the COGO prompt >>, type BATCH PRINT & [RETURN] 3) In response to query, type CG234PRO & [RETURN] Note that before invoking the BATCH command, we started job #234 by using the START OF JOB command to activate the coordinate file; you can't run a job unless the file is 1st opened on the disk. Note also that when the batch command prompted us to enter the batch file's name, we entered CG234COM & CG234PRO, but WITHOUT the extension .INP; never enter the extension, although it MUST ALWAYS be assigned with the extension .INP (thats how it automatically finds it on the default data disk and distinguishes it from the normal coordinate file CG###). Also, the commands of CG234PRO.INP all begin in column #1; this is absolutely required of all BATCH files, unless you want to invoke the "repeatability" feature of COGO by leaving a blank space in column 1 to repeat the prior command as illustrated in file CG234COM.INP. A batch file must have been created in an editor or the non-document (ASCII) mode of your favorite word processor. This means that the document must be stored on the disk without imbedded control codes or characters. Registered users will receive a version that has the ability to call up an editor/word processor without having to exit COGO for creating and editing BATCH files. So that you might experience the same capabilities using this version (1.21), we suggest that before running COGO, you install the SIDEKICK RAM-resident utility package by Borland International which also contains a mini word processor (the NOTEPAD feature). ************************************************** * * * WHEN YOU CREATE AN ASCII BATCH FILE, * * SAVE IT TO THE DEFAULT DATA DISK * * WITH THE EXTENSION OF [.INP] * * * * THE DEFAULT DATA DISK WILL BE SEARCHED * * AUTOMATICALLY FOR THE [.INP] FILE * * WHEN THE BATCH COMMAND IS INVOKED. * * * ************************************************** GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 134 A SAMPLE SESSION BATCH MODE File "CG234PRO.INP" The following BATCH file is typed in "PROper" mode - all commands are spelled out, comments are used liberally, spacing is used to improve readability, bearing directions are used instead of quadrant numbers, and repeating commands are re-typed. In other words, this file can be easily understood and edited by anyone familiar with the COGO commands. ** COGO project to create "North" and "South" figures. * * Store the origin in point #1. * STORE 1 10000 10000 * * Create perimeter points. * * COMMAND BS AP FS DIRECTION/ANGLE DISTANCE *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~ LOCATE BEARING 1 2 N 23 25 26 E 326.247 LOCATE BEARING 2 3 N 23 25 26 E 121.163 LOCATE ANGLE 2 3 4 -90. 110 LOCATE ANGLE 3 4 5 90. 110 LOCATE ANGLE 4 5 6 -90. 110 LOCATE BEARING 6 7 S 24 13 42 W 562.875 * * Inverse from point #1 to point #7. * INVERSE BEARING 1 7 * * Intersect line 6-7 with a perpendicular from point 2. * BEARING INTERSECT 8 2 (A 1 2 - 90.) 6 (A 6 7) * * Store the "North" parcel in figure #1. * Store the "South" parcel in figure #2. * STORE FIGURE 1 (2 3 C4R 5 6 8 2) STORE FIGURE 2 (1 2 8 7 1) * * Inverse bearings/distances & compute area of figure #1. * Inverse bearings/distances & compute area of figure #2. * AREA BEARINGS 1 AREA BEARINGS 2 * * End Of Job of file #234. * END OF JOB GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 135 A SAMPLE SESSION BATCH MODE File "CG234COM.INP" The following BATCH file is typed in "COMmon" (or abbreviated) mode - all commands are identified by their menu numbers, comments are not used, spacing is not used to improve readability, quadrant numbers are used instead of bearing directions, and repeating commands are automatically invoked by leaving a space in column #1. In other words, this could be considered the "expert" mode of batching, compressed and efficient - but very cryptic and difficult to understand, evaluate, and edit. It performs exactly the same operations as the BATCH file of the preceding page. 77 1 10000 10000 53 1 2 1 23 25 26 326.247 2 3 1 23 25 26 121.163 51 2 3 4 -90. 110 3 4 5 90. 110 4 5 6 -90. 110 53 6 7 3 24 13 42 562.875 46 1 7 18 8 2 (A 1 2 - 90.) 6 (A 6 7) 78 1(2 3 C4R 5 6 8 2) 2(1 2 8 7 1) 11 1 2 35 NOTE: There are no appreciable execution speed differences between PROper and COMmon batch files; however, the COMmon form of the batch file does take less disk space. ************************************************************ * * * IT IS SUGGESTED * * THAT * * ALL BATCH FILES BE CREATED IN "PROPER" FORMAT * * FOR * * COMPUTATIONS THAT WILL BE EVALUATED AT A LATER DATE * * OR * * PROJECTS THAT MAY BE LATER AMMENDED OR CORRECTED * * * ************************************************************ GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 136 BUG REPORT NAME___________________________________ DATE_____________ ADDRESS________________________________ DISK ENCLOSED? Y____ N____ CITY, STATE, ZIP_______________________ PRINTOUT ENCLOSED? TELEPHONE ( ) _______ _____________ Y____ N____ Please describe, as precisely as possible, the nature of the error or bug: _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ If possible, please try to duplicate the error in a BATCH file. If you can send the BATCH file to us (preferably on disk) it will speed up the correction process. All formal bug reporters will be given a 10% discount off the standard registration fees if they have not yet registered (however, we can not make this discount offer retroactive). THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION! GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 137 COMMENTS & SUGGESTIONS NAME___________________________________ DATE_____________ ADDRESS________________________________ DISK ENCLOSED? Y____ N____ CITY, STATE, ZIP_______________________ PRINTOUT ENCLOSED? TELEPHONE ( ) _______ _____________ Y____ N____ Please describe your comment or suggestion: _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ If applicable, please try to illustrate your comments or suggestions in a BATCH file. If you can send the BATCH file to us (preferably on disk) it will allow us to more easily evaluate your comments/suggestions. All formal comment/suggestion reporters will be given a 10% discount off the standard registration fees if they have not yet registered (however, we can not make this discount offer retroactive). THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION! GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 138 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The creation of GeoCalc's COGO spanned several years, from its original conception as a micro based applications program, through its flow and algorithm design and coding, to its eventual assemblage and testing. It occupied the time and services of many individuals and organizations during this process. The following credits may at times get melancholy; we certainly don't want to bore or offend our users, but hey, these are our acknowledgements and we can get funky if we want. When you write your acknowledgements, then you can do it your way. We would like to thank and recognize Jim Requa of TerraGraphics, Dr. Charles L. Miller of CLM/Systems, Inc., and Ronald Leers of Charles H. Sells, Inc. for providing the original conceptions of COGO and historical documentation; Professor Steven Jochum of Temple University's College of Engineering & Architecture for establishing GeoCalc's COGO in his curriculum and helping us to "legitimize" the program; Bill, Don, and John Barton of Barton & Martin Consulting Engineers and Ed Bursich of Bursich & Associates for their willingness to help us test the code; Conrad L. Moore of C. L. Moore Land Surveying Inc. for extensive general testing; Israel Zeitz of the Philadelphia Bureau of Surveys & Design's 4th Survey District for working on the spiral commands; all those individuals and their firms who have provided or offered material support, suggestions, and encouragement; and finally, Patricia and Carol Cleary and Patricia and Cynthia Havey for typing code and documentation until their fingernails got short, putting up with more late night/early morning antics and phone activity than a family of vampires, accepting virtual poverty or at least heavy debt because "...Honey, we REALLY need (take your choice) a compiler, another 1000 disks, to incorporate, another computer system for development, etc....", and generally supporting and assisting the project in the zillions of ways that test patience, endurance, and commitment. Thank you all. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 139 FUTURE VERSIONS Our intent is to revise and improve COGO on a continuous basis. Of course, every attempt will be made to make these changes downwardly compatible with prior versions of COGO. This is the reason for the spaces in the menu of this version (1.21). Re-alphabetizing the commands, and thus changing their menu numbers, would not allow batch files written on one version to run on a later version. For example, suppose you create a batch file with this Ver. 1.21 in COMmon mode that uses the code number for LOCATE BEARING (#53). When you register and receive an expanded version, if the code number of the LOCATE BEARING command has changed because of menu additions, that particular batch file will not run on the later version without an awkward or inconvenient conversion routine. Future versions of COGO will contain these functions (some of which are now being developed/tested): 1. Color 2. Screen plotting with unlimited zooming and real-time panning via flip-up window (CGA, EGA, & PGA). 3. Vertical (elevation) coordinates: X, Y, and Z. 4. Some additional applications, such as a. State Plane Coordinate/Latitude, Longitude conversions. b. Stadia. c. Volumetric computations. d. Cut/Fill computations with formal output sheet. 5. Conversion routines to address the popular CADD packages and other COGO's so that data from these other programs can be input to GeoCalc's COGO and vice-versa. 6. A resident text editor to allow creation of batch files without exiting COGO to a third party editor. 7. A toggle to activate automatic saving (in RAM) of commands in interactive mode; this would allow error correction similar to batch mode. 8. Compression/reduction of the program's code; its much too large and we know it! Many of the current routines written in high level languages will be re-written in low level languages. 9. Much better documentation. The goal here is clear, concise instructions without making the reference manual a textbook. The above are some of many enhancements that are planned; the official "wish list" is quite long but can be changed at your requests via the suggestion form of page 137. Note that some of the above will be resident within COGO while others are supplementary programs. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software Page 140 CHRONOLOGY OF GEOCALC'S COGO VERSION DESCRIPTION ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1.20 The original; released in limited quantities as a beta test package in the Philadelphia area only. 1.21 Current version. GeoCalc COGO - Surveying/Engineering Applications Software